Ieee fat ts fabcd Webuee Gotten be teks co be ie! -dutiny be Ont ubsesthbe i-bae Sob Rodeo eaciroce A Goto neo ae he : +s epee a stenstuien 44-4 2a Gch enn ee ee a | P rein i eat nt: 2 ape Ava imu GENERAL ZOOLOGY oY SYSTEMATIC NATURAL HISTORY commenced by the. late GEORGE SHAW, M.D.F.R.S. ke. WITH PLATHS from the first Authorities and most select specimens C Nis Ongia vei LVI, pall b; UG ide M®* GRIFFITH. MEARNS FOLLECTION 4» VOL.XI.Part TE AVES, byJ.F. Stephens, F.L.S. &c. Printed for 1& A.Arch, Longman, Hurst. &C° E. Jetferya& Son, 1 _Mawman; Baldwin, Cradock &Joy, 1 Booth ; Sherwood &C° G.B.Whittaker R .Scholey, S. Bagster, Rodwell &Martin,R .Saunders; Hamilton. Adams & C° Simpkin & Marshall]. Duncan -T&1. Allman,C . Smith & G.Wightman . 1624, Breil ? a : Le % tthe 2 - J oy v r a et : ‘ a ‘4, | » x 4 f ) f ef . f } 7 “4 } : i { 2. ¢ GENERAL ZOOLOGY. VOLUME XII.—-PART I. BY JAMES FRANCIS STEPHENS, F.L.S. &c. BIRDS. LONDON : PRINTED FOR J. AND A, ARCH; LONGMAN, HURST, AND CO.; E, JEFFERY AND SON; J. MAWMAN; BALDWIN, CRADOCK, AND JOY; J. BOOTH; SHERWOOD AND CO.; G. B. WHITTAKER; R. SCHOLEY; S. BAGSTER; RODWELL AND MARTIN; R. SAUN- DERS; HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO.; SIMPKIN AND MAR- SHALL; J. DUNCAN; T. AND J. ALLMAN; C. SMITH; AND G, WIGHTMAN, 1824, LONDON : PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFRIARS, Directions for placing the Plates to Vol. XII. Part I. The vignette represents a diminished figure of the White Sheath- bill, described in page 281. Plate 1 to face page 3 Plate 19 to face page 144 2 o— Hs 20 ———- 163 3 17 21 169 4 26 22 173 5 36 23 178 6 40 24 186 i 44 25 193 8 51 26 218 9 61 27 228 10 65 28 231 11 73 29 234 12 77 30 242 13 86 31 255 14 90 32 263 15 98 33 266 16 110 34 275 17 127 35 278 18 138 ERRATA. Page 1, line last, for recurveb, read recurved. — 72, — 17, delea. —— — 18, for bird read birds. YB Ais ihe Baroy ORDER GRALL&. TANTALUS. TANTALUS. Generic Character. Rostrum basi crassum, longis- | Beak thick at its base, very simum, paulo compressum, long, slightly compressed, glabrum, recurvum; man- | smooth, recurved; the dibula superiore basi tri- | upper mandible triangular angulari, versus mediam || at the base, rounded to- teretiusculam, ad apicem wards the middle, and emarginatam. | notched at the tip. Nares oblong. | Nostrils oblong. Facies collumque partim nu- | Head and neck in part naked dee, verrucosz. | and warty. Pedes longiores, tetradactyli; || Legs long, four-toed, the an- digitt anteriores basi mem- terior toes connected by a brana connexi; pollex in|} membrane at the base, the terram insistente. hinder toe resting on the ground, TANTALUS. Linné, Lath., Cuv., Vieil. NUMENIUS, Isis. Briss. THE Tantali in many respects resemble the Storks, particularly in the feet, nostrils, and beak; but the latter is more rounded above, and its point 1s recurveb V. XU. Ps I. 1 2 WHITE-HEADED TANTALUS. towards the base, and slightly notched on each side. Part of the head and neck is generally divested of feathers: the legs are very long, and a considerable portion of the thighs is naked. These are solitary birds, and like the Herons, they delight in marshy places, where they may be observe standing, for a long time, upon one leg, with their necks bent back, and their beaks resting on their breasts : their chief food consists of reptiles and small fishes. WHITE-HEADED TANTALUS. (Tantalus leucocephalus.) TA. cinereo-albus, rostro facieque flavis; tectricibus nigris albo- marginatis ; remigibus rectricibusque nigris; uropygio roseo. Grey-white Tantalus, with the beak and face yellow, the wing- coverts black, edged with white, the quills and tail-feathers black, the rump rose-coloured. Tantalus leucocephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 706. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 649. Le Tantale de Ceylon. Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 481. White-headed Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 116. 15. Gen. Syn. Sup. 1. 240. Tue White-headed, or Ceylonese Tantalus, is the largest of the genus, and is also the most remark- able for the great size of its beak, that alone mea- suring upwards of a foot in length: the prevailing colour of the plumage is greyish white: the wing- coverts are black, edged with white: the quills and tail are black: the rump and tail-coverts are pink : DSI ‘ Phy ee Cr ax LE =, y << See am A ——— G WOOD TANTALUS. WOOD TANTALUS. 3 the beak, fore part of the head and cheeks are yellow : the legs are pale flesh-colour: the tail is concealed by its coverts, which are very long. The other sex is said to differ in having a brown bar across the breast, and the wing-coverts being shaded with brown. This species inhabits India and the island of Ceylon. The pink feathers of the rump, which are used as orna- ments, are said to lose their colour during the rainy season. WOOD TANTALUS. +-(Tantalus loculator.) Ta. albus, remigibus rectricibusque nigris ; rostro pedibusque ni= gricantibus ; facte cerulescente. White Tantalus, with the quills and tail-feathers black, the beak and feet dusky, the face blue. Tantalus loculator. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 240. Gmel. Syst. Nat: 1.647. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 702. Le Tantale d’Amerique. Cuv. Reg. Anim.i. 480. Numenius Americanus major. Briss. Orn. 5. 335. 8. Couricaca. Buff. Ois. 7.276. Buff. Pl. Enl. 868. Numenius niger. Klein. n. 109. Curicaca. Raii. Syn. 103.4. Will. 295. pl. 54. Wood Pelican. Catesby Carol. 1. pl.81. Penn. Arct. Zool. 360. Wood Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 104.1. Wils. Amer. Orn. v.8. p. 39. pl. Ixvi: f. 1. Turs bird is about three feet in length: its beak alone measuring full nine inches, and bending down- wards towards its tip; it is yellowish brown: the irides are pale rufous: the skin on the fore part of the head and round the eyes blue; that from the A, WOOD TANTALUS. head to the middle of the neck is of a dusky brown, and rough and warty: beneath the beak is a con- siderable pouch: the quills and the tail are black: the rest of the bird white; except the thighs and legs, which are dusky. Both sexes are very similar. This species inhabits various parts of the tropical countries of America, particularly Carolina, Louisiana, and Georgia; it is also common in Florida, and ex- tends as far south as Cayenne and Brazil. In the United States it is migratory; but has never been found to the north of Virginia. Wilson, on the au- thority of his friend, Mr. Bartram, says, “ this soli- tary bird does not associate in flocks; but is generally seen alone, commonly near the banks of great rivers, in vast marshes or meadows, especially such as are covered by inundations, and also in the vast deserted rice plantations. He stands alone, on the topmost limb of tall dead cypress trees, his neck contracted or drawn in upon his shoulders, and his beak resting like a long scythe upon his breast; in this pensive posture and solitary situation they look extremely grave, sorrowful, and melancholy, as if in the deepest thought. ‘They are never seen on the sea-coast, and yet are never found at a great distance from it. They feed on serpents, young alligators, frogs, and other reptiles :”? to which may be added fish. ‘They are esteemed good eating by the French inhabitants of Louisiana. or EGYPTIAN TANTALUS. (Tantalus Ibis.) Ta. purpureo-albus, remigibus rectricibusque nigris ; rostro flavo, Jacie pedibusque rufis. Purple-white Tantalus, with the quills and tail-feathers black, the beak yellow, the face and feet red. Tantalus Ibis. Lin. Syst. Nat.i. 241, 4. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 650. Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. 706. Ibis candida. Briss. Orn. 5. 349. 14. L’Ibis blanc. Buff. Pl. Enl. 389. Buff. Ois. 8. 14. pl. 1 Le Tantale d’Afrique. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 480. Egyptian Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 111. 10. Wuire, slightly shaded with purple on the wings; the beak yellow, the naked part of the head and neck red; the quills and tail black: the thighs and legs red: length upwards of three feet. This species inhabits the lower part of Egypt, and it is also abundant in Senegal; it was for a long time considered by naturalists as the bird worshipped by the Egyptians by the name of Zbis ; but recent researches have proved that that is a much smaller species, and is not found in the same part of Egypt. Its food, as m the other species of this genus, con- sists of frogs and insects. Found also in Sumatra, according to Sir S. Raffles, in his descriptive catalogue of the animals of that island, published in the 13th volume of the Linnean Transactions. 6 IBIS. IBIS. Generic Character. Rostrum basi latum, medio gracile, tetragonum, inte- grum, arcuatum, apice ob- tuso, terete ; mandibula superiore sulcata. Nares oblongze, membrana circumdata, in sulco ad basim rostri sitee. Facies nuda ultra oculos. Pedes longiores, tetradactyli; digiti anteriores basi mem- brana connexi; pollex in terram insistente. Beak broad at the base, slen- der in the middle, qua- drangular, entire, arched, the tip obtuse, rounded; the upper mandible grooved. Nostrils oblong, surrounded bya membrane, and placed in a groove at the base of the beak. Face naked beyond the eyes. Legs long, four-toed, the anterior toes connected at the base by a membrane, the hinder toe resting on the ground. IBIS. La Cépéde, Il., Cuy., Vieil., Temm. TANTALUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. THE birds of this genus frequent the borders of rivers and lakes, feeding on insects, worms, and mollusca, and occasionally on vegetable matter ; they inhabit various parts of the tropical and tempe- rate regions of the globe: their beak is similar in form to that of the Tantali; but it is much more slender in its construction ; and is not notched at its tip: their nostrils are placed at the base of the beak, BALD IBIS. Gf i a groove, which runs almost to its tip. The beak is, moreover, very thick, and nearly square at its base ; the greater part of the head, and a por- tion of the neck, is divested of feathers. The hinder toe rests its whole length upon the ground. An Ibis is described in the 13th volume of the Linnean Transactions, page 327, by Sir 8S. Rafiles, which appears to be distinct from any of the species enumerated in the following pages; he calls it ‘Tan- talus (Jbis) cinereus, and observes, that it is smaller than T. Ibis, of a light grey colour, with the excep- tion of the abdomen and rump, which are white ; and the wing and tail-feathers, which are black. In- habits Sumatra. A. Capite non cristato. A. Without a crest on the head. BALD IBIS. (Ibis calva.) Is. capite colloque supremo nudis, corpore nigro viridi splen- dente, pileo rostro pedibusque rubris. Ibis, with the head and upper part of the neck naked, the body black, glossed with green, the pileus, beak, and legs red. Tantalus calvus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 645. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 508. Courly a téte nue. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 32. Buff: Pl. Enl. 867. Bald Ibis. Lath, Gen. Syn. 5. 116. Tue Bald Ibis differs from the rest of this genus, in having the naked space on the head more exten- 8 CRYING IBIS. sive, inasmuch as it proceeds part of the way down the neck ; the crown is red, and the rest white : the skin of the throat is naked and flaccid : the irides are brown: the general colour of the plumage is black, tinged with greenish, especially on the wing-coverts, the tips of which are glossed with copper: the beak is nearly six inches long, and, with the fect, is red : the female scarcely differs, except in having the crown of the head flatter. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and neighbourhood, near marshy places ; and is easily tamed. CRYING IBIS. - (Ibis vocifera.) I. plumbea albo maculata, cauda cuneata, rectricibus extimis albis. Lead-coloured Ibis, spotted with white, with the tail wedge- shaped, and its feathers outwardly white. Numenius vociferus. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixv. Tantalus Pictus, Ephouskyca, or Crying Bird. Bartram’s Tra- vels, p. 145. Crying Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 306. Tantalus Ephouskyca. Barton, Linn. Trans. xii. 24. f. 1. A FINE species, origimally described by Mr. Bar- tram, in his travels through North and South Caro- lina, &c. ‘‘ There is,’’ he says, ‘‘ inhabiting the low shores and swamps of this river (the St. Juan, im East Florida), and the lakes of Florida, as well as Georgia, a very curious bird, called by an Indian name, Ephous- wyca, which signifies, in our language, the Crying Bird. I cannot determine what genus of European CRYING IBIS. 8) birds to join it with. It is about the size of a large _ domestic hen. All the body, above and beneath, is of a dark lead colour, every feather edged or tipped with white, which makes the bird appear speckled on a near view : the eye is large, and placed high on the head, which is very prominent: the beak is five or six inches in length, arched or bent gradually down- wards, in that respect to be compared to one half of a bent bow; it is large and thick near the base, com- pressed on each side, and flatted at top and beneath, which makes it appear four-square for more than an inch where the nostrils are placed, from whence to their tips both mandibles are round, gradually lessen- ing or tapering to their extremities, which are thicker by about half an inch than immediately above, by which the mandibles never fit quite close their whole length: the upper mandible is a smal! matter larger than the other: the beak is of a dusky green colour, more bright and yellowish about the base and angles of the mouth. The tail is very short, and the mid- ~ dle feathers the longest; the others on each side shorten gradually, and are of the colour of the rest of the bird, only somewhat darker: the two shortest or outermost feathers are perfectly white, which the bird has the faculty of flirting out on either side as quick as a flash of lightning, especially when he hears or sees any thing that disturbs him, uttering at the same instant an extreme harsh and loud shriek. His neck is long and slender ; and his legs are also long, and bare of feathers above the knee, like those of the bittern, and are black, or of a dark lead colour.” Dr. Barton, in the twelfth volume of the Linnean 10 SACRED IBIS. ‘Transactions, observes, that he cannot find that the Crying Bird is noticed by any of the European Or- nithologists, and that it has also escaped the notice of Wilson, the author of the American Ornithology. It is, however, described by Latham, in the second Supplement to his General Synopsis of Birds, under the name of the Crying Curlew, and from Bartram’s Travels before quoted. SACRED IBIS. (Ibis religiosa.) In. alba, capite colloque superiore fuscis, dorso postico remigibus- que nigris. White Ibis, with the head and upper part of the neck brown, the back behind and quills black. Ibis religiosa. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 483. Tantalus Athiopicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 706. Abou Hannés. Bruce's Travels, App. pl. 35. L’Ibis sacré. Cuv, Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles, tom. 1. SizE of a hen: general colour of the plumage white: the beak and legs black: the naked part of the head and neck the same; and in the young bird this part is clothed with small black feathers : the tip of the wing-feathers, and the slender feathers at the lower part of the back, are also black. In some, pro- bably young birds, the head and hinder part of the neck is brown : the lower part of the back, the quillsand tail, are black: the beak above green, beneath black. This is the bird so celebrated by the ancient Egyptians, who used to rear them in their temples, pay an “tty NANNY \ WN iN A Wy Ww GLOSSY IBIS. BLACK IBIS. 11 and to worship them, and after their death embalmed them ; their mummies are found to this day in num- bers, in the vast catacombs of ancient Memphis. There are various opinions respe cting: the ‘origi of this custom: according to some, it arose non the birds destroying the serpents, which otherwise would increase, and become dangerous to the country: others assert, that there was an affinity between the changes of its plumage and some of the phases. of the moon ! And others, because its appearance, announces the in- crease of the Nile. tt pee s Haypt and pa ing : Le feie "fae BLACK TIS. cigs - (bis Bers, ) kf In. nigra, capite antermage nudo rubro, rectricibus nigris, rostro pedibusque rubris. Black Ibis, with the head in front naked and red, the tail-feathers black, the beak and legs red. Tantalus niger. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.650. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 707. Ibis nigra. Phil. Trans. lvii. 345. Ibis. Briss. Orn. 5. 347. Rati. Syn. 98. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 857: Black Ibis. Will. Angl. 288. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.112. A very doubtful species; said to be rather less than the Curlew: the beak red; the naked space on the fore part of the head and behind the eyes also red : the plumage entirely black: the legs red. Inhabits Egypt, and most probably a young bird. 12 BLACK-FACED IBIS. +> (Ibis melanopis.) I. capite colloque fulvis, dorso alis fasciaque pectorali cinerets, remigibus rectricibus femoribus crissoque nigris. Ibis, with the head and neck fulvous, the back, wings, and pec- toral fascia ash-coloured, the quills, tail, thighs, and vent, black. Tantalus melanopis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.653. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 704. Black-faced Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 108. pl. 79. Tue black-faced Ibis is figured and thus described by Dr. Latham in his Synopsis: ‘ Size large, not much inferior to the Wood Ibis ; length twenty-eight inches, breadth forty-nine inches and a half: bill six inches, and black : tongue triangular, ciliated at the back part: irides reddish : the whole face, quite be- yond the eyes, is bare of feathers, black and warty, particularly round the eyelids: under the chin hangs a loose, wrinkled, bare skin, forming a pouch: the crown of the head is deep fulvous yellow, and the feathers at the back part longish : the rest of the neck and breast pale yellow: the back and scapulars are cinereous, margined with brown: across the breast a band of the same: the middle of the feathers of the back brown : the wing-coverts blueish ash-colour, mar- gined with brown : the quills, sides, thighs, vent, and tail, are greenish-black ; the last consists of twelve feathers, and is rounded in shape: the legs are seven inches long, rough, naked but a little above the knee, and red: claws black. This species was found by Dr. Forster on New Year’s Island, near Staten Land, GLOSSY IBIS. 13 during the second voyage of Captain Cook : it builds $ yag p its nest im imaccessible places in the rocks.”’ GLOSSY IBIS. (Ibis ignea.) Is. purpureo-castanea, dorso infimo, tectricibus alarum, crisso, remigibus rectricibusque purpureo-viridibus, rostro nigro- virescente. Purple-chesnut Ibis, with the lower part of the back, the wing coverts, vent, quills and tail-feathers purple-green ; the beak blackish green. Tantalus falcinellus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.241. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.648. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 707. Tantalus igneus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 649. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 708. Atkinson's Compend. 138. Tantalus viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 648. Lath. Ind. Orn. i. 707. Young. Ibis sacra. Temm. Man. d’Orn. p. 385. Ibis falcinellus. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 2d edit. v. ii. p. 598. Le courlis verd. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ovs. viii. 29. Courly d'Italie. Buff. Pl. Enl. 819. male. Numenius viridis. Sriss. Orn. v. 329. Numenius castaneus. Briss. Orn. v. 326. Young. L'Ibis noir. Savig. Hist. Nat. &c. de l’ Ibis, t. 4. Bay Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn.v. 113.12. Sow. Brit. Misc. pl. 18. Green Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn.v. 114.13. Lin. Trans. ix. 198. Young. Glossy Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 115.14. Walc. Syn. 11. 132. Lew. Brit. Birds, iv. pl. 152. Don. Brit. Birds, v. pl. 118. Mont. Orn. Dict. and Supp. Brazilian Curlew. Shaw, Nat. Misc. xvii. pl. 705. Tue plumage of this species varies so greatly in its different stages, according to its age, that it has been 14 GLOSSY IBIS. described by several names, as shown by a reference to the synonyms. In the old birds the head is of a dusky chesnut ; with the neck, the breast, the top of the back, and all the inferior parts of the body of a bright red-chesnut ; the rest of the back, the rump, the wing-coverts, the quills and tail-feathers of a dusky green, glossed with bronze and purple: the beak is of a black green, but brown towards the point : the naked space round the eyes is green, encircled with a band of greyish: the irides are brown: the feet are brown-green: the length of the bird is nearly two feet. ‘The female differs merely in being rather less. The young or green Ibis of authors has the feathers of the head, the throat, and the neck, longi- tudinally striped with dusky-brown and bordered with whitish ; the under parts of the neck, the breast, the belly, and thighs, are of an ashy black: the top of the back and the scapulars are of an ashy brown; with reflections of green on the tail: before the first year the plumage is more dusky, and the white edges to the feathers on the head and neck are broader. This species inhabits the borders of rivers and lakes ; and is very abundant during its migrations in Poland, Hungary, Turkey, and the Grecian Archi- pelago ; it also visits the banks of the Danube, and is found in Switzerland and Italy, and occasionally in Holland and England: it also visits Egypt, and other parts of Africa, but it is supposed to breed in Asia: its food consists of insects, worms, aquatic mollusca and vegetables. According to Temminck this bird, which is called by the Arabs E/ hareiz, as well as the Ibis reli- MEXICAN IBIS. 15) giosa, was worshipped by the ancient Egyptians, and embalmed; and the mummies of both species are now found in plenty in the catacombs of Memphis. MEXICAN IBIS. + (Ibis mexicana.) Ip. purpureo-viridi-nigricanteque varius, subtus fuscus rubro varie- gatus, tectricibus alarum viridibus, rostro cerulescente. Ibis varied with purple, green, and black, beneath brown, varie- gated with red, the wing-coverts green, the beak blue. Tantalus mexicanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 652. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 704. Numenius mexicanus varius, Briss. Orn. 5. 335. Acacalotl. Razz. Syn. 104. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 45. Mexican Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 108. Tue Mexican Ibis is very large, measuring three- feet m length: the beak is eight inches long and bluish : the irides are red : naked space round the eyes, and between them and the beak, reddish: the head and neck varied with dusky white and green feathers, slightly mixed with yellow : the back and rump black, glossed with green and purple : the wing-coverts are green: the quills and tail are glossed with copper : the breast and belly are brown, tinged with a slight mixture of red: the legs are black. This species frequents the lakes of Mexico: it feeds on fish. 16 CAYENNE IBIS. -~ (Ibis Cayenensis.) In. viridi-nigricans, remigibus rectricibusque saturatioribus, pe- dibus flavescentibus, rostro nigricante. Green-black Ibis, with the quills and tail-feathers darker, the legs yellowish, the beak dusky. Tantalus Cayenensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 652. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 704. Le courlis de bois. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 42. Le courlis vert de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 820. Cayenne Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 107. LeEnGTH twenty-two inches : the beak five inches and a half, long and dusky: the base and naked space round the eye of a dusky pale red: the prevailing colour of the plumage is black, glossed with greenish in some lights ; especially on the quills and tail: the legs are dirty yellow. ‘Some specimens (probably the young) have the middle of each feather dashed with black, without any green tinge; and the legs are nearly black. In this state it greatly resembles the Scarlet Ibis, but its legs are only two-thirds of the length of those of that bird. Found at Cayenne, generally at a distance from the sea, and in pairs, perching on the decayed trees which float down the streams of the rivers : it 1s known by the colonists by the name of Flammant des Bois. ies LUST Yi fl if ip Ma SCARLET IBIS. SCARLET IBIS. ») <& (Ibis rubra.) Is. corpore sanguineo, alarum apicibus nigris, facie rostro pedi- busque rubris. Ibis with a sanguineous body, the tips of its wings black, the face, beak and feet red. Tantalus ruber. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 241. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 651. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 703. Ibis rubra. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 484. ae Brasiliensis coccineus. Briss. Orn. i - 344. pl. 29. cae | Gaara. High Syn. 104. 6. = Le Courlis rouge. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 35. Bef Pl. Enl, 80, 81. Scarlet Ibis. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.361. “Lae Gen. ae 5, 106. 2. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. pl. 41. p. Ixvi. SJ Pe. Tue Scarlet Ibis is twenty-two inches in Nn its beak measuring nearly seven, and being of a pale red colour: the eyes are black ; the sides of the head beyond the eyes are bare, and of a pale red: the entire plumage is of a most exquisite scarlet, with the exception of the glossy black tips of the four external primary quills; and the white shafts of the quills and of the tail feathers: the legs are pale red. ‘The fe- male is less brilliant in colour. A highly beautiful species, inhabiting most of the tropical parts of America, the West Indies, and ad- jacent islands: it frequents the borders of the sea and rivers, living on small fish, insects, worms, &c. : it lays its eggs on the ground; they are of a greenish colour ; the young, when first hatched, are black, and V. XII. P. I. 2 18 WHITE-NECKED IBIS. gradually change from that colour to white, before they are able to fly: but till the third year they do not attain their perfect plumage. Wilson observes that an individual of this species lived for a consider- able time in confinement, and fed upon flies, which it caught most dexterously. WHITE-NECKED IBIS. ~-(Ibis albicollis.) In. fusca griseo undulata, capite colloque rufo-albis, tectricibus alarum majoribus albis. Brown Ibis undulated with grey, the head and neck reddish- white, the greater wing-coverts white. Tantalus albicollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.653. Lath, Ind, Orn. 2. 704. Le grand Courlis de Cayenne. Buff: Hist. Nat, Ors. 8. 47. Courly 4 col blanc. Buff: Pl. Enl. 976. White-necked Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 109. Lenoru twenty-seven inches: the beak is black : the head and neck are rufous white; but the red pre- dominates in the former: the prevailing colour of the plumage is brown, undulated with grey, and glossed with green: the greater wing-coverts are white: the legs are red: inhabits Cayenne. 19 GREY IBIS. ~~ (Ibis grisea.) Is. albida, capite posteriore colloque griseis, uropygio remigibus rectricibusque nigro-virescentibus. Whitish Ibis, with the head and hinder part of the neck grey, the rump, quills and tail-feathers greenish-black. Tantalus griseus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 653. Lath. Ind. Orn. Daas Numenius Americanus minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 337. Matuiti. Will. Orn. 218. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 46. Grey Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 110. Native of Brazil: beak reddish-brown: irides rufous: naked space round the base of the beak and eyes black: the hind part of the head and neck grey: the rest of the plumage whitish: except the lower part of the back and rump, the quills and the tail, which are greenish black: the legs are pale red: the claws are black. 20 WHITE IBIS. (Ibis alba.) Is. corpore albo, alarum apicibus viridibus, facie rostro pedibusque rubris. Ibis with a white body, the tips of the wings green, the face, beak and legs red. Tantalus albus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 242. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 651. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.705. Numenius Brasiliensis candidus. Briss. Orn. 5. 309. Le Courly blanc de Brésil. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.41. Buff. Pl. Enl. 915. White Ibis. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 363. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 111. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p. 43. pl. Ixv. Coco Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 241. Variety ? In length near two feet ; of which the beak is six inches and a half, with the legs and the naked space round the eyes and at the base of the beak of a pale red: the irides are grey: the rest of the body (ex- cept that the ends of the four outer quills are greenish black) is pure white: both sexes resemble each other: they are abundant during the latter end of summer, in the low marshy lands of Carolina, but disappear and return again in the autumn: like the rest of the genus, they feed on small fish and aquatic insects; and are frequently observed standing on the dead limbs of trees, and on the shore, resting on one leg, their body in an almost perpendicular position, the head and beak resting on the breast. ‘They are common in Florida, flying about in large flocks. The Coco Ibis of Latham is probably a variety of BROWN IBIS. Q1 this species: it inhabits the Caribbee Islands: its cry resembles the word Ko repeated ; from thence its name: it feeds on fish in the wild state ; but when tamed, subsists upon flesh both raw and cooked. It principally differs from the former variety in being of a greyish-white colour. BROWN. IBIS. ~~ (Ibis fusca.) Is. rostro rubro, corpore nigro albo nebuloso, uropygio alisque subtus albis. Ibis with the beak red, the body clouded with black and white, the rump and wings beneath white. Tantalus fuscus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.242. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 651. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 705. Numenius Brasiliensis fuscus. Briss. Orn. 5. 341. Courly a front rouge. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 42. Brown Curlew. Catesby, Cav. |. pl. 83. Brown Ibis. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.362. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 110. Two feet in length: beak six inches; that and naked space round the eye pale red : irides grey: the head, neck, upper part of the back, wings and tail are of an ashy-brown; the head and neck being palest: the lower part of the back, the rump, and under parts of the body from the breast white: the legs pale red: the claws are brown. Both sexes are alike: they inhabit the tropical parts of America, especially Cayenne, Guiana, and Carolina, migrating from the latter place in the winter. Probably the young of the preceding. MANILLA IBIS. (Ibis Manillensis.) In. rufo-fusca, rostro lateribusque capitis nudis virescentibus, pedibus rubris. Red-brown Ibis, with the beak and sides of the head naked and green, the legs red. Tantalus Manillensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.649. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 708. Courly brun de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. 85. pl. 47. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 831. Manilla Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 117. DescriBep by Sonnerat: about the size of the common Curlew: the beak greenish: space round the eye greenish: the irides pale red: the prevailing colour of the plumage rufous brown: the legs are dull red: native of the isle of Luconia. LESSER IBIS. (Ibis minutus. ) In. facie rostro pedibusque virescentibus, corpore ferrugineo subtus albo. Ibis, with the face, beak, and legs greenish, the body rust-coloured, beneath white. Tantalus minutus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.241. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 650. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.708. Lesser Ibis. Kdw. Birds, pl. 356. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 117. A sMALL species; less than the common Whim- brel: beak between two and three inches in length ; BLACK-HEADED IBIS. 93 with its point black and base blue: the naked space round the eyes and base of the beak greenish: the plumage of the upper parts of the body and tail is dusky brown: the rump and under parts of the body white: the feathers on the breast long and loose : the legs dark lead colour: the claws are black. In- habits Surinam. BLACK-HEADED IBIS. (Ubis melanocephala.) Ip. alba, rostro capite pedibusque nigris. White Ibis, with the beak, head, and legs black. Tantalus melanocephalus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 709. Black-headed Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 240. A native of India: about twenty-one inches in length: beak six inches long, stout and black : naked space round the eye, and base of the beak black : the head black: the nape and hinder part of the neck spotted with black: the rest of the plumage white : the legs black. 24 B. Capite cristato. B. Head crested. CRESTED IBIS. (Ibis cristata.) In. cristata ferruginea, capite crisso cauddque nigris, alis allts. Crested ferruginous Ibis, with the head, vent, and tail black, the wings white. Tantalus cristatus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 650. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 709. Courlis huppé de Madagascar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois.8.33. Buff: Pl. Enl. 84). Crested Ibis. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 118. Turis Ibis differs greatly from the rest in having the feathers on the upper part of the neck elongated and slightly crested: it is moreover a most beautiful species, measuring twenty inches in length: its beak is slightly bent and four inches long, of a brownish yellow colour: naked space round the eyes and sides of the head pale yellow: the head and part of the neck are black ; the back part of the latter having a tuft of very long feathers, half of them being white, and half black: the rest of the neck and body are rusty red : the wings dirty white: the vent and tail are black : the legs are pale yellowish-brown. Native of Madagascar. 25 NUMENIUS. CURLEW. Generic Character. Rostrum \ongissimum, gra- cile, teretiusculum,. mceur- vum, subobtusum : mandi- bula superiore lateratim || suleata, leeve. apice dilatato, Nares lineares ad basin ros- tri in sulco breve site. Facies pennis tecta. Pedes tetradactyli; digitt an- teriores basi membrana connexa: pollex apice in terram insistente. Beak very long, slender, rounded, incurved, and rather obtuse: the upper mandible laterally sulca- ted, its tip dilated and smooth. Nostrils linear, placed in a short groove at the base of the beak. Face clothed with feathers. || Feet four-toed; the anterior toes connected by a mem- brane at the base, the hinder toe resting on the ground at its tip only. NUMENIUS. Rai., Briss., Lath., Cuv., Vieil. SCOLOPAX. Linn., Gmel. THE Curlews are distinguished from the former genus by having their beak more slender, and rounded its whole length : their nostrils are placed in a small and shortened groove ; and the tip of their upper mandible extends beyond that of the lower. They affect dry and sandy situations in the vicinity of 26 COMMON CURLEW. water or marshes: they live generally upon worms, insects, or slugs: their flight is very elevated, and they migrate in large bodies, but during the season of incubation they are solitary. ‘They moult but once in the year. ‘Their manners agree with those of the common species: the head is clothed with feathers, and the tip only of the hinder toe rests upon the ground. Rafinesque Schmaltz, in his ‘ Précis des Décou- vertes et Travaux Semiologiques,” p. 14. no. 8., de- scribes a bird, which he considers as a Numenius, having its beak, legs, and all its body perfectly black : he observes that it inhabits Sicily, and is there called Addarana : he calls it N. aterrimus. COMMON CURLEW. (Numenius major.) Nu. cinerascente nigroque varius, pedibus cerulescentibus, alts nigris maculis niveis. Curlew varied with ash-colour and black, the Jegs blueish, the wings black spotted with pure white. Scolopax arquata. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 242. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 6D5- Numenius arquatus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 710. Atk. Comp. 139. Numenius. Jai. Syn. 103. 4.1. Will. Orn. 216.54. Briss. Orn ov. 311.1. Le Courlis. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ors. viii. 19. Buff. Pl. Enl. 818. Grand Courlis cendré. Yemm. Man. d’Orn. 388.—Id. 2 edit. ii. 603. Common Curlew. Albin. Birds, 1.79. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 119. 1. Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 242. Lath, Syn, Sup. ii. 306. Penn. COMMON CURLEW. COMMON CURLEW. Oy Brit. Zool. ii. 176. Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 14. Walc. Syn. ii. p. 133. Lewin. Brit. Birds. iv. pl. 153. Mont. Orn. Dict. and Sup. Bew. Birds, ii, p. 54. Tue Common Curlew has all the plumage of the upper parts bright ash-colour; with brown longitu- dinal dashes on the neck and breast ; and many of the feathers on the last tinged with red : the belly is white with longitudinal flee spots : the feathers on the back a scapulars black in the middle and edged with rufous : the te tail is of alwhitish ash- colour, - transversely. banded with vith brown : the quills are black, spotted on their ‘inner webs with white : the legs are _ blueish grey: the irides hazel: the upper mandible of ‘the beak i is dusky brown, the under flesh-colour. _ The sexes a e ‘very.similar, ‘Dut the female differs slightly in having the colours less distinct, and the red hue that. borders the feathers is the back and scapulars less pure. This bird is extremely common in most parts of Europe, and it also occurs in several parts of Asia ; Smiths usua. lly inhabits the borders of rivers and muddy < Takes, fields, and stony places near the water: it - breeds in the sequestered parts of the mountains of Northumberland oh d also in the low swampy grounds of some of the Scotch islands. It makes no nest, but usually deposits four pale olive brown dusky spotted eggs amongst heath, rushes or long grass : the young run as soon as hatched. ‘The principal food consists of small crabs, worms, snails, and in- sects; in the winter it is gregarious, and is at all times very shy and difficult to approach; but will 98 COMMON CURLEW. become very familiar ina fewdays. Montagu givesthe following account of one that was shot in the wing, and became very docile: ‘ It was,’’ he says, ‘‘ turned amongst aquatic birds, and was at first so extremely shy, that he was obliged to be crammed with meat for a day or two, when he began to eat worms; but as this was precarious food, he was tempted to eat bread and milk like Ruffs. ‘To mduce this substitu- tion, worms were put into a mess of bread mixed with milk; and it was curious to observe how cautiously he avoided the mixture, by carrying every worm to the pond, and well washing it previously to swallow- ing. In the course of a few days this new diet did not appear unpalatable to him, and im little more than a week he became partial to it, and from being exceedingly poor and emaciated, got plump and in high health. In the course of a month or six weeks this bird became excessively tame, and would follow a person across the menagerie for a bit of bread, or a small fish, of which he was remarkably fond. But he became almost omnivorous; fish, water-lizards, small frogs, insects of every kind that were not too large to swallow, and (in defect of other food) barley was not rejected. This bird was at last killed by accident, after a confinement of two years.” 29 LONG-BILLED CURLEW. (Numenius longirostris.) Nu. nigro pallide-fuscoque varius, pedibus ceerulescentibus, alis nigris, maculis fuscis, supercilits albidis. Curlew varied with pale brown and black, the legs blueish, the wings black spotted with brown, the eyebrows whitish. Long-billed Curlew. (Numenius longirostris.) Wils. Amer. Orn. v. viii. p, 23. pl. Ixiv. f. 4. Lenetu twenty-five inches: beak eight inches long ; black, except towards the base of the under mandible, where it is of a pale flesh-colour : eye dark ; the general colour of the plumage above is black, spotted and barred along the edges of each feather with pale brown : chin, line over the eyes and round the same, pale brownish white : neck reddish brown, streaked with black, spots on the last more sparingly dispersed : belly, thighs, and vent pale plain rufous, without any spots: primaries black on the outer edges, pale brown on the inner, and barred with black ; shafts of the outer ones snowy ; rest of the wing pale reddish brown, elegantly barred with un- dulating lines of black: tail slightly rounded, of an ashy-brown, beautifully marked with herring bones of black: legs and naked thighs very pale light blue, or lead colour; the middle toe connected with the two outer ones, as far as the first jomt, by a mem- brane, and bordered along the sides with a thick warty edge: lining of the wing dark rufous, ap- proaching to chesnut, and thinly spotted with black. Both sexes are alike. 30 MADAGASCAR CURLEW. This species, which greatly resembles the European one, is a native of North America, and is supposed to breed in Labrador, and in the vicinity of Hudson’s Bay : it makes its appearance in the salt marshes of New Jersey about the middle of May, on its way to the north, and in September on its return from its breeding places. The food of these birds consists chiefly of small crabs, which they are very dexterous in procuring ; they also feed on small snails, on various worms and insects, and on bramble berries, in search of which they frequent the fields and uplands, and become very fat, after subsisting for some time upon them. They fly very high, generally in a wedge-like form, and occasionally utter their loud whistling note, by a skilful imitation of which a whole flock may sometimes be enticed within gun-shot, while the cries of the wounded are sure to detain them until the sportsman has made repeated shots and great havoc among them. MADAGASCAR CURLEW. (Numenius Madagascariensis. ) Nu. rostro pedibusque rufescentibus, maculis griseis dorst rhom- boidalibus. Curlew with the beak and legs reddish, with rhomboidal grey spots on the back. Scolopax Madagascariensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 242. 2. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1. 655. MADAGASCAR CURLEW. 31 Numenius Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 710. Briss. Orn. v. 321. 3. pl. 18. Le Courlis de Madagascar. Buff. Pl. Enl. 198. Madagascar Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 121. Turis bird also greatly resembles the Common Curlew, is a native of Madagascar, and is thus noticed by Latham : “ Size of our Curlew : the bill much the same, but very little bent, except towards the tip : on the head, neck, and upper parts, the feathers are chiefly brown with grey margins: the upper tail covert rufous grey marked with some transverse bands of grey, and others parallel to the margin: chin, belly, thighs, and vent white: breast and sides yel- lowish, dashed with brown; the last barred trans- versely with the same: the first three quills are plain black ; the fourth spotted on the inner web, and the others on both webs ; the secondaries much the same, but the ground colour grey: tail grey, barred with brown : legs red-brown. LUZONIAN CURLEW. (Numenius Luzoniensis.) Nv. albus, capite colloque striis, abdomine caudaque fasctis nigris, dorso fusco maculis albis, vertice nigro. White Curlew, with striz on the head and neck, and fasciz# on the abdomen, and on the tail black, the back brown with white spots, the top of the head black. Numenius Luzoniensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 711. Scolopax Luzoniensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 656. Le Courlis tacheté de l’isle de Lucgon. Buff. Ois. viii. p. 32. Sonn. Voy. 85. pl. 48. Luzonian Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 122. Tue Luzonian Curlew is considerably smaller than the common species: the top of its head is black ; the rest of the head, neck, and breast white, longitu- dinally streaked with black ; and the belly with lu- nulated bands of the same: the primaries are black : the wing coverts and back amber coloured ; with from two to six white spots on the margin of every feather : the tail is vinaceous grey, barred with black. Inhabits Luzonia. OTAHEITE CURLEW. (Numenius tahitiensis.) Nv. albo-rubescens, collo striis nigris, dorso tectricibusque alarum nigricante et albido undulatis, caudé basi maculis ad apicem fus- ctis nigris. OTAHEITE CURLEW. 33 Reddish-white Curlew, with black striz on the neck, the back and wing-coverts undulated with dusky and white, the base of the tail and fascie near its tip black. Numenius tahitiensis. Lath. Jnd. Orn. ii. 711. Scolopax tahitiensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 656. Otaheite Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 122. ‘THis bird measures twenty inches in length: its beak is brown, with the base reddish: the head and neck are pale reddish white longitudinally striped with dusky : the top of the head is brown ; the eye- brows pale: the back is dusky black undulated with pale rufous-white : the wing-coverts are reddish white varied with dusky: the quills are dusky, edged with whitish : the under parts of the body are pale reddish white slightly varied with dusky: the tail is dirty yellow with irregular dusky spots on the basal half, and dusky transverse bars towards the tip: the legs are blue-grey: the claws black. ‘This bird is called Terrea in Otaheite, of which Island it is a native. Va XIE Be i; 8 34 WHITE-HEADED CURLEW. (Numenius leucocephalus.) Nu. cyaneus, capite coiloque supremo griseo-albis, remigibus nigris, rostro rubro. Blue Curlew, with the head and upper part of the neck greyish- white, the quills black, the beak red. Numenius leucocephalus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 1). 711. Scolopax leucocephalus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 656. White-headed Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 123. pl. xxx. Lath. Syn. Sup. i. 242. ? Tantalus Hagedash. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.709. Young? Hagedash, or Hadelde. Sparr. Voy. 1. 281. Describe and figured by Latham from the draw- ings of Sir Joseph Banks: ‘ size and shape of the Common Curlew: beak pretty long, and red: the head and part of the neck white: the rest of the plumage of a very deep blue, except the quills, which are black : legs cinereous grey :’’ inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. ‘The bird called Hagedash or Ha- delde by Sparrman is most probably the young of this species: its beak is five inches in length, above red, below and with the tip black: the neck and thighs are cmereous : the back is cinereous variegated with green and yellow : the wings are obscure, above of acerulean-black ; the lesser wing-coverts are violet: the tail is wedge-shaped : the feet are dusky. It is larger than a hen; and is found at the Cape, resting by night on trees, and feeding on roots, especially bulbous ones. 35 PHAOPUS. WHIMBREL. Generic Character. Rostrum longum, gracile, | Beak long, slender, incurved, incurvum, obtusum, apice obtuse, the tip depressed. depresso. Nares lineares ad basin ros- || Nostrils linear, placed in an tri in sulco elongato site. elongated groove, at the base of the beak. Pedes tetradactyli; digiti an- Legs four-toed; the anterior teriores basi membrana toes connected at the base connexa: pollex apice in by a membrane ; the hin- terram isistente. der toe resting on the ground at its tip. PHOPUS. Gesner, Cuv. SCOLOPAX. Linné, Gmel. NUMENIUS.. Briss.; Lath: ARQUATA. Ray. ‘THE beaks of these birds are arcuated in the same manner as those of the Curlews, but are de- pressed towards the tip; and the nostrils are placed in a groove, which extends nearly the whole length of the beak. In manners they greatly resemble the Curlews. 36 COMMON WHIMBREL. (Pheopus arquatus.) Pu. rostro nigro, pedibus cerulescentibus, maculis dorsalibus fascis rhombodalibus, uropygio albo. Whimbrel with the beak black, the legs bluish, the back with brown rhomboidal spots, the rump white. Numenius pheopus. Lath. Ind, Orn. ii. 711. Atk. comp. 140. Numenius hudsonicus. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 712. Scolopax phzopus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.657. Linn. Syst. Nat. e243. Scolopax borealis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 654? Numenius minor. Briss. Orn. v. 317. 27. Arquata minor. Ray. Syn. 103. A.2. Will. Orn. 217. Le petit Courlis ou le Corlieu. Buff. Ois. 8. 27. Buff. Pi. Enl, 842. Eskimaux Curlew. Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. 461. ? Hudsonian Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 243. Courlis Corlieu. Temm. man. d’Orn. 389. Id. 2. Edit. ii. 604. Whimbrel. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. 177. Penn. Arct. Zool. ii. 462. B. Edw. Birds, Pl. 307. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 123. Lew. Brit. Birds, iv. Pl. 154. Wale. Syn. ii. 134. Don. Brit. Birds, titi. Pl. 72. Mont. Orn. Dict. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 1. 57. Tuis bird is rather more than sixteen inches long : the whole of the plumage is of a bright ash, with longitudinal brown spots on the neck and on the breast : on the middle of the head is a longitudinal band of yellowish white, accompanied on each side with another, which is twice as broad and brown: the belly and abdemen are white: the feathers on the back and the scapulars are of a very deep brown in the middle, and paler brown at their edges : ay aon Hp x Da Pe COMMON | WHIMBREL., BRASILIAN WHIMBREL. 3ST the tail is of an ashy-brown, striped with oblique brown bands: the beak is dusky, tinged with reddish at its base: the irides are brown: the feet are lead- coloured. ‘The young birds have the beak short, scarcely one inch and a half in length and almost straight, whereas the old have it upwards of three er in length and considerably bent. The Wintel is a migrative bird, visiting the British coasts about pee and remaining cath us during the winter, keeping in small flocks of five or six : it feeds upon insects and worms ; and is sup- posed to breed in the arctic regions: it occurs in va- rious parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. eer des es Ss al monet BRASILIAN WHIMBREL. + (Pheopus Gaurana.) Seat flavicante, corpore fusco albo striato, pedibus fuscis. Whimbrel with the beak yellowish, the body striated with white and brown, the legs brown. Scolopax Gaurana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 242.1. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 654. Guarauna. Razz, Syn. 104. 7. Numenius Gaurana. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 712. Numenius Americanus fuscus. Briss. Orn. v. 330. Le Gouarona. Buff: Ois. viii. 44. Brasilian Whimbrel. Lath. Gen. Syn. v.125. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. Brasilian Curlew. Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp. Larcer than the common Whimbrel : its length being twenty-one inches: its beak is four inches long, 38 ESQUIMAUX WHIMBREL. brown, with the base yellow: the head and neck are brown; with whitish margins to the feathers: the back and under parts from the breast of a chesnut brown: the scapulars, rump, upper and under tail- coverts and tail, are bright brown, tinged with green : wing-coverts the same; but the outer ones, farthest from the body, are brown within: the quills are brown, edged with glossy green-brown: the legs are grey-brown : the claws dusky. Inhabits Brazil, Guiana, and other parts of South America. It has been erroneously given as a British species, but the bird described as such appears to have been a variety of the Glossy Ibis. ESQUIMAUX WHIMBREL. (Phzopus borealis ) Pu. rostro pedibusque nigris, corpore fusco griseo maculato, subtus ochroleuco. Whimbrel with the beak and legs black, the body brown, spotted with grey, beneath whitish ochre. Numenius borealis. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 712. 9. Scolopax borealis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 654? ‘Esquimaux Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. v. 125. Phil. Trans. 1sii. p.41l. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 22. pl. li. f- 1. Leneru thirteen inches: beak very slender and dusky ; with the base of the under mandible rufous : head pale, marked with longitudinal brown stripes : the forehead is deep brown, spotted with pale whitish : ESQUIMAUX WHIMBREL. 39 the neck, breast, belly, and vent are yellowish white ; the neck and breast being striped with longitudinal slender brown lines: back deep brown; the edges of the feathers with greyish-white margins: wings brown ; the shafts of the primary quills white; the secondaries and lesser coverts edged with grey: the under coverts ferruginous, with transverse brown fascie : sides under the wings rufous, fasciated trans- versely with brown: the rump brown ; the edges of the feathers and spots whitish : the tail short, brown, barred with whitish bands: the feathered part of the thighs yellowish-white, with brown spots; the rest of them and the legs are bluish-black. Native of various parts of North America, appear- ing periodically in flocks in Nova Scotia im October and November; and near Albany Fort the beginning of May, from whence it departs to the northward, and returns in August, and about the end of Sep- tember retires southward. It arrives in Hudson’s Bay in April, or early in May, when it pairs and breeds, and departs in August to the shores of New Jersey in numbers, from thence they remove in November. It feeds on small worms and minute shell-fish and on the black-berried heath, and is much esteemed as food: it is said to lay four eggs. 40 FALCINELLDS. FALCINELLE. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longior, sub- curvum, basi depressum : mandibulz canaliculatee. Nares limeares, in sulco elongato posite, hoc mem- brana tecta. Pedes tetradactyli, digitt an- membrana connexi; pollex apice in terram insistente. teriores basi FALCINELLUS. Cuv. SCOLOPAX. Gmel. NUMENIUS. Lath. TRINGA. Temm. Beak \onger than the head, slightly incurved, its base depressed: the mandibles channelled. Nostrils linear, placed in an elongated groove, which is covered by a membrane. Legs four-toed, the anterior toes connected at their base bya membrane; the hinder toe resting on the ground at its tip, mn . . . . "THERE is but one species hitherto discovered of this genus, and of that from its rarity but little is known of its manners. Cuvier says that it is destitute of the hinder toe. COMM ON FALCINELLE. Fl. 6. 41 COMMON FALCINELLE. (Falcinellus pygmezus.) Fs. fusco-ferrugineo alboque variegatus, corpore subtus uropy- giogue albo, remigibus rectricibusque exterioribus aibo mar- ginatis. Besa brown Falcinelle variegated with white, the body. beneath and rump white, the quills and outer tail- feathers margined vith white. Numenius pygmeus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 11.713. 11. Scolopax pygmea? Ginel. Syst. Nat. ii. 655 Le plus petit des courlis. Sonn. Buff: xxii. p. 245. Beccasseau platyrinque. Temm. man. d'Orn. 398. Id. 2. Edit. Oli. Pygmy Curlew. Penn. Gen. Birds, 64. pl.11. Lath. Gen. Syn. ii. 127. Mont. Orn. Dict. and Sup. Fig. Walc. Syn. ii. pl. 135. Lew. Brit. Birds, iv. pl. 155, Tuts rare bird is about six inches and a half in length : its summer plumage answers to the following description: the head and occiput are of a dusky brown, divided by two longitudinal rufous bands: the eyebrows are white, spotted with brown : between the beak and the eye is a dusky brown stripe: the sides of the head are whitish, striped with brown: the nape is ash-coloured, longitudinally dashed with brown: the feathers of the back and the scapulars are black, longitudinally ranged, and edged with rufous: the wing-coverts are dusky towards the tip and whitish-red at their tips: the throat, breast, and under parts of the body are of a pure white: the front and sides of the neck are reddish-white, prettily 4.2 COMMON FALCINELLE. varied with small transverse brown rays; but all the feathers are tipped with white: on the sides of the body are several brown bands: the feathers of the middle of the tail are black, edged with rufous, the lateral feathers and the quills are bordered with bright ash. The winter plumage is not yet ascer- tained, but the young have the top of the head of a bright grey edged with red: the eye-brows are whitish : between the beak and the eye is a brown stripe: the sides of the neck and the nape are whitish mixed with reddish-ash: the feathers of the back and the scapulars are dusky, spotted and edged with rufous: the fore part of the neck and upper part of the breast are longitudinally rayed with deep brown and shaded with rufous: the belly, sides, and lower parts are pure white: the wing-coverts are dusky to- ward their tips, edged with reddish-white : the quills and lateral tail-feathers are bordered with whitish ash: the middle tail-feathers are black, edged with red : the depressed part of the beak is reddish-ash, the tip black : the legs are greyish-green. This species is a native of various parts of Europe, and has been occasionally taken in England, but according to Tem- minck it does not occur in Holland. 43 SCOLOPAX. WOODCOCK. Generic Character. Rostrum longum, rectum, | Beak long, straight, slen- tenuisculum, apice dilatato, obtuso, rotundato, in mor- | tuis utrinque mandibula superiore late- | ratim sulcata, nodo interno terminata; inferiore apice truncata, cavata. rugoso: | der, its tip dilated, obtuse, rounded, and in dead birds rugose: the upper man- dible is laterally sulcated and terminated internally with a knob; the lower mandible at its tip trun- cated, and cut out. Nareslaterales, basales,mem- || Nostrils lateral, basal, co- brana tect. vered by a membrane. Legs four-toed ; the toes cleft Pedes tetradactyli; digiti ad to their origin; the hinder imum fissi; pollex apice toe resting on its tip only: the zibie entirely clothed with feathers. solo imsistens: tib2@ tote plumosee. SCOLOPAX. Ray, Briss., Lin., Gmel., Lath., Cuv. RUSTICOLA. Vieill. In addition to the character above given, the Wood- cocks have the upper mandible of the beak longer than the lower: their wings are acute, and the first quill-feather is longer than the rest: the claw of the 44 COMMON WOODCOCK. hinder toe is rounded at its tip, and does not project beyond the toe itself. Another singular character relating to these birds, and also to those of the fol- lowing genus, consists in the head being compressed, and having its eyes, which are very large, placed very backward therein ; this gives them a very stupid ap- pearance. There are but two species known, which frequent woody places: the account of the common Wood- cock is indicative of their manners. COMMON WOODCOCK. (Scolopax rusticola.) Sc. castaneo nigro griseoque varia, subtus rufescens fasciolis nigris, Jascia capiiis nigra. Woodcock varied with chesnut black and grey, beneath reddish with black fasciole, the head with a black fascia. Scolopax rusticola. Lin. Syst. Nat. 11. 243. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. p- 666. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 718. Atk. comp. 141. Scolopax. Raz, Syn. 104. A. Will. Orn. 213. pl.53. Briss. Orns 2292 La Bécasse. Buff: Ois. 7. 462. pl. 25. Buff: Pl. Enl. 885. Bécasse ordinaire. Temm. man. d’Orn. 436. Id. 2. Edit. ii. 673, Woodcock. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.178. pl. 65. Penn. Art. Zool. 2.470. A. Alb. Br. Birds, \. pl. 70. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 129.1. Lew. Br. Birds, 4. pl. 156. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 136. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. Bew. Br. Birds, 2. 60. Turis elegant and well-known bird is about thirteen inches in length: the crown of the head is ash- LL DCOCK. WOO [OWN , C OMY COMMON WOODCOCK. 45 coloured, the nape and back part of the neck black marked with three rusty-red bars: from the corners of the mouth to the eyes a black line extends: orbits pale buff: the upper parts of the plumage are elegantly spotted, barred, streaked, marbled, and variegated with black, white, grey, ash, red, brown, rufous, and yellow, disposed im rows crossed and interrupted at intervals by lines and marks of various shapes, that the description is almost impossible to be given with accuracy : the whole of the under parts are , yellowish- white, closely barred with ‘dark-brown zigzag lines: the tail and quills are black, indented vith imenaieh spots on the edges; the tip. ‘of the former is ash- coloured above mee glossy-white beneath: the legs are bluish-grey. The female is rather smaller, and her colours are less brilliant: the wing-coverts are also more spotted with white. ‘The Woodcock varies considerably, being sometimes found of a yellowish- white or. “reddish-yellow. colour, the spots on the plumage a p ale tinge : also irregularly patched with white ; or with the wings and tail of a pure white : and sometimes, though very rarely, the entire plumage is perfectly white. During the summer-time the Wocdcock 1s an in- habitant of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and other northern countries, where it generally breeds: as soon, however, as the frosts commence, it retires southward to milder climates. ‘These birds arrive in Great Britain in flocks; some of them m October, but not in great numbers till November and De- cember: they generally take advantage of the night, being seldom seen to come before sunset: the time 46 COMMON WOODCOCK. of their arrival depends considerably on the prevail- ing winds; for adverse winds always detain them, they not being able to struggle with the boisterous squalls of the northern ocean: after their arrival in bad weather, they have often been seen so much exhausted as to allow themselves to be seized by the hand when they alighted near the coast. ‘They live ou worms and insects; and the number of the former that they devour is very considerable; they search for them with their long bills in soft ground and moist woods, feeding and flying principally in the night: they go out in the evening; and generally return in the same direction, or through the same glades, to their day retreat. The greater part of them leave this country about the latter end of February or the beginning of March, always pairing before they set out. ‘They retire to the coast, and if the wind be fair, set out immedi- ately ; but, if contrary, they are often detained in the neighbouring woods and thickets for some time : i this crisis the sportsmen are all on the alert, and the whole surrounding country echoes the discharge of guns. But if they are detained long on the dry heather, they become so lean as to be scarcely eatable. The instant a fair wind springs up, they seize the opportunity; and where the sportsman has seen hun- dreds in one day, he will not find a single bird the next. Very few of them remain in England; and perhaps with respect to those that do, it may be owing to their having been so wounded by the sportsmen in the winter, as to be disabled from taking their long journey in spring. They build their artless COMMON WOODCOCK. 4'7 nests on the ground; they are composed of a few dried fibres and leaves, and are generally placed at the root of some tree: they lay four or five eggs, about the size of those of a pigeon, of a rusty colour, and marked with brown spots. ‘The young run as soon as hatched, but cannot immediately provide for themselves. ‘They are remarkably tame during incu- bation: a person who discovered a Woodcock on its nest, often stood over, and even stroked it ; notwith- standing which, it hatched the young ones, and, in due time, disappeared with them. A single bird was observed to remain in a coppice, belonging to a gentleman in Dorsetshire, through the summer. ‘The place, from its shady and moist situation, was well calculated to maintain it: yet by degrees it lost almost all its feathers, so that for some time it was not able to fly, and was often caught ; but in the summer it recovered its feathers and strength, and flew away. ‘The inhabitants of the north of Europe, to whose forests the Woodcocks retire in the summer, never eat them; esteeming their flesh unwholesome, from the circumstance of their having no crops. In Lancashire, great numbers of these birds are taken by means of traps in moonlight nights: long parallel rows of stones or sticks, about four or five inches high, are made on the commons which they frequent. In these rows several intervals or gate- ways are left, in which the traps are placed. When the bird, running about in search of food, comes to one of these rows, he will not cross it, but runs along AS LITTLE WOODCOCK. the side till he comes to a gateway, which he enters, and is caught. It has been remarked in England, that for several years past, Woodcocks have become very scarce. ‘This is easily accounted for : Sweden, like other countries, is making a gradual progress in the arts of luxury ; among which the indulgence of the palate fills no undistinguished place. The eggs of wild-fowl have of late become a great delicacy among the inhabitants of that country, who encourage the peasantry to find out their nests: the eges of the Woodcock they are particularly fond of ; and the peasants offer them in large quantities for sale, in the market of Stockholm. From this practice it is not improbable that the breed, not only of this bird, but of several of the species of Grouse, will be considerably diminished, if not at last totally extirpated. It need scarcely be added, that the flesh of the Woodcock is greatly esteemed and much sought after, and, that nothing may be lost, the entrails are not drawn out, being thought a necessary appendage as sauce to the bird! LITTLE WOODCOCK. (Scolopax minor.) Se. castaneo nigro rufoque varia subtus flavescens, occipite nigro, fasciis quatuor transversis flavescentibus, cauda nigra. Woodcock varied with chesnut black and red, beneath yellowish, the occiput black with four transverse yellowish bands, the tail black. LITTLE WOODCOCK. 4Q Scolopax minor. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 661. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 714. Little Woodcock. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 131.2. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 365. pl. 19. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 40. pl. xlvi. f- 2. Mucu less than the last: length eleven inches and a half: beak two inches and a half long: the forehead is ash-coloured: the occiput is black, with four transverse yellowish bars: from the beak to the eye is a dusky line: the hind part of the neck is black, edged with yellowish red: back and lesser coverts the same; the rest of the coverts varied with black and red zigzag lines: the primary quills dusky : the chin is white: the under side of the neck, the breast, belly, and thighs are dull yellowish ; the belly bemg palest: the tail is black, tipped with brown: the legs pale brown. ‘The young are marked with a broad stripe of deep brown along the crown of the head, and another line of the same passes through the eye to the hind head: back deep brown: throat and breast reddish. Native of various parts of North America: it begins to lay in April; its nest is placed on the ground or on the stump of a tree: the female lays four or five egos of a dun clay colour, thickly marked with brown spots, especially at the larger end. Vv. LCs P. [. 4, GALLINAGO. SNIPE. Generic Character. Rostrum longum, rectum, te- || Beak long, straight, slender, nuisculum, subrotundum, slightly rounded, above sul- supra sulcatum, apice dila- cated, 11s tip dilated, obtuse, tato, obtuso, mortuis ru-|) and im dead birds rugose. goso. Nostrils lateral, basal, covered by a membrane. Nares laterales, basales, mem- brana tectze. Feet four-toed; the anterior Pedes tetradactyh ; digiti an- teriores basi membranuld toes connected at the base by amembrane; the hmder connex1: pollex apice solo insistens: tidi@ parte m- toe resting on its tip only: lower part of the tha naked. feriore nude. GALLINAGO. Ray; Briss. SCOLOPAX. Lin., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieill. CONTRARY to the habits of the Woodcocks, the birds constituting this genus inhabit exposed marshy plains, or meadows. ‘They feed on worms, &c. as detailed in the description of the Common Snipe: they do not usually assemble in flocks. A new and highly interesting species of this genus was lately exhibited at a meeting of the Zoological Club of the Linnean Society, by my friend N. A. Vigors, Esq. F. L. S., who procured the specimen, in a recent state, during an excursion in Ireland ; he proposes to call it G. Sabini, im honour of that distinguished British ornithologist, J. Sabine, Esq. F. R.S. &e. GREAT SNIPE. 51 GREAT SNIPE.. ° (Gallinago major.) Ga. nigro maculata supra testacea subtus albida, linea verticis testaced, altera utringue nigra, caudé Serruginea, rectricibus exterioribus nigro_ fasciatis. Snipe spotted with black, above. testaveous, Heneath whitish ; a line on the vertex testaceous, another on each side black, the tail rust- colour, its outer-feather s barred with black. Scolopax major. | Gel. | Syst. Nat. 1. 661. j Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 714. Atk. comp. 140. “p Scolebag paludosa. — ne oF ‘Nat. i3 666. Lath. Ind. Orn- 2. 714. Cate Becde des ‘Savanes. | By fw Ois # 481. Buff. Pl. Enl. Be Great Snipe. — vo Penn . Brit. Zool. 2.188. Penn. Arct. Zool. ' Lae. Gen: Syn. an 48304. Lath. Syn. Sup. Lew. i Ls Birds, 4. 157. Wale. Syn. 2. 137. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and - Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 11. 67. ee nde Bécassine. monn, Man. d’Orn. 438. Id. 2. Edit. ii. W675. Savanna Woodcock. "Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 133. 3. LENGTH, fold the feak to the end of the tail, twelve inches: beak two inches and three quarters (sometimes as much | as four inches, ) black : the under mandible pale half-way from the base: the top of the head brown, mottled with rufous: down the middle a clay-coloured line: sides of the head pale clay- colour, speckled with brown: through the eye, from the beak, a dark brown streak, and a paler one curving round the under mandible: hind part of the neck, half the back, and scapulars, chocolate-brown ; the feathers streaked on the sides with clay-colour, and 5g GREAT SNIPE. barred with ferruginous: the lower part of the back brown, crossed with numerous greyish-white Imes : tail-coverts pale rufous clay colour, barred with black- brown, and so long, as to cover the tail for two- thirds of its length: the tail when spread is rounded at the end; the eight middle feathers are dusky for three-fourths of their length from the base, the rest of the length rufous, crossed with two or three bars of black; but the four middle feathers are deep rufous, and the two on each side of these very pale ; the two outermost feathers on each side wholly black and white in alternate bars: the wing-coverts black- brown, spotted with rufous-white, the rest of the wing dusky black; every feather but the greater quills tipped with white: beneath the wings beautifully crossed with white and dusky bars: the fore part of the neck is the same as behind: the breast, belly, and vent, crossed with numerous dusky bars, in- clining to a zigzag shape on the sides: legs pale bluish-bronze. It inhabits the extensive marshes and damp mea- dows of the North; livig upon worms, snails, and small beetles : its nest is formed in the marshes among the herbs and rushes; it lays three or four eggs of a greenish colour, shaded and varied with large spots of deep brown. ‘This species rarely occurs in Kng- land, but specimens have been taken in Lancashire, Kent, Suffolk, and Wiltshire : and it is probable that many are consigned to the palate of the epicure, from sportsmen considering them to be only fine and large specimens of the common species. It has been killed in Orkney in the winter. Dr. Latham suspects, and CAYENNE SNIPE. 53 Temminck asserts, that this species, and the Savanna Woodcock of the former, are both the same bird, slightly varying from each other from climate. CAYENNE SNIPE. (Gallinago Cayanensis.) Ga. cinereo-fusca testaceo varia, corpore subtus uropysioque albo, tectricibus alarum majoribus remigibusque primoribus basi al- bidis, caudd fasciis obscuris. Ash-brown Snipe varied with testaceous, the body beneath and the rump white, the great wing-coverts and primary quills whitish at the base, the tail with obscure bars. Scolopax Cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.661. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.715. Cayenne Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 134. 5. Latuam thus describes this species: ‘‘ Length thirteen inches: beak straight, stout, a trifle bent at the end ; colour dusky, reddish at the base: plumage on the upper part of the body pale cinereous-brown, mottled with pale buff-colour: greater wing-coverts dirty white; some of the outer ones edged with brown: base of the quills white, the rest of their length brown, and some of the inner ones white at their tips: bastard wing brown: under wing-coverts mottled dusky and white: all the under part of the neck and body white: but the fore-part of the first a little mottled with dusky: rump white: tail the same as the rest of the upper part, barred and tipped with dusky: legs brown. Inhabits Cayenne.” 54: COMMON SNIPE. (Gallinago media.) Ga. nigricante fulvogue varia, subtus alba, frontis liners fuscis quaternis, guld ferrugined. Snipe varied with dusky and fulvous, beneath white, the forehead with four fuscous lines, the throat rust-coloured. Scolopax Gallinago. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.244. Lin, Faun, Suec. 173. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.662. Raii. Syn.105. A. Briss, Orn. 5.298. 2. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.715. Atk. comp. 143. Scolopax gallinaria. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 662. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.715. variety. Scolopax media. Klein. dv. 99. 2. Becassine. Buff. Ois. 7. 483. pl. 26. Buff. Pl. Enl. 883. Becassine ordinaire. Temm. Man. d’Orn. 439. Id. 2. Edit. il. 676. Finmark Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.471. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 136. 7. var. Snipe or Snite. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 187. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 366. Alb. Brit. Birds, 1. pl. 71. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 134. 6. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4.158. Mont. Orn. Dict.2. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.68. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 18. pl. xlvii. f. 1. Tue Common Snipe is generally about twelve inches in length: its beak is nearly three inches long; in some specimens pale brown, in others greenish yellow ; rather flat and dark at the tip: the head is divided longitudinally by three reddish-white lmes, and two of black; one of the former passing along the middle of the crown, and one above each eye: a dusky streak extends from the corners of the mouth nearly to the eyes, behind which is a small spot of the same colour: the chin and fore-part of COMMON SNIPE. 55 the neck are yellowish-white, the latter being spotted with brown: the scapulars are elegantly striped with black and yellow: the quills are dusky, the edges of the primaries, and tips of the secondaries, white; those next to the back barred with black, and pale rufous: the under surface of the wings is beautifully tessel- lated with cinereous and whitish : the tail-coverts are reddish-brown ; and so long as to cover the greatest part of it: the tail is dusky black at its base, then crossed with a band of orange and a slender ene of black ; the tips are whitish or pale orange: the breast and belly are white: the vent is dull yellow : the legs are pale green. It varies occasionally in having its throat, breast, back, and wings beautifully varied with white; also in being totally of a reddish-white ; or of a pure white. It is also found with a grey head and yellowish legs; this last-mentioned variety is the Finmark Snipe of Latham. These birds do not frequent woods; but during winter they are very common in wet meadows and marshy places, where they lie concealed among the rushes, carices, and osiers which grow on the borders of the stream. In the summer time they disperse to different parts, and are to be found even amongst the highest mountains, as well as on the lowest and most extensive moors: they are migratory, a considerable portion of them leaving this country in the spring and returning in the autumn. Many, however, re- main with us through the whole year. These make their nests of dried grass and feathers, in the most retired and inaccessible parts of the marshes, and generally under the stump of an alder or a willow: 56 COMMON SNIPE. the female lays four eggs, of a dirty olive colour, marked with dusky spots. The young are able to run almost immediately after they are freed from the shell, but the old birds attend them till their beaks become of a sufficient firmness to enable them to provide for themselves. During the breeding season Snipes play over the moors, piping and humming in a most pleasing manner: and the male bird, whilst its mate sits upon her eggs, often poises himself on his wings, making sometimes a whistling and sometimes a humming noise. These birds feed on small worms, on slugs, and the larvee of insects, in search of which they are con- stantly digging and nibbling with their beaks in the soft mud. In severe frosts the inclemency of the wea- ther compels them to resort to sheltered springs, unfrozen boggy places, or an open streamlet of water : here they are oftentimes found im large flights, and so subdued by cold or hunger, that they will sit till nearly trodden upon before they will take flight: but, at all times, when roused by the approach of the sportsman or his dogs, they utter a feeble whistle, and generally fly off against the wind, turning nimbly, in a zigzag direction, for a considerable distance, and sometimes soaring almost beyond the reach of vision. They are greatly esteemed for the table, and in flavour greatly resemble the woodcock, but are more delicate, but like it they are cooked without extract- ing their entrails, and though generally very fat, they seldom cloy even the weakest stomach. Snipes are very greatly diffused over the continents of Europe and Asia: they also occur in Africa, being JACK -SNIPE. oT found at the Cape of Good Hope; and in very great abundance in parts of North America: in several of the counties of England they are in great plenty; indeed so much so were they formerly in Cambridge- shire, that as many were taken, according to Mr. Daniel, in Milton fen, by means of a Jark-net, in one night, and by one man, as would fill a small hamper. JACK SNIPE. (Gallinago minima.) Ga. variegata, uropygio violaceo vario, pedibus virescentibus, loris Suscis. Variegated Snipe, with the rump varied with violet, the legs greenish, the lores brown. Gallinago minima. Razi. Syn. 105. A. Gallinago minor. Briss. Orn. 5. 203. 3. pl. 26.f. 2. Scolopax gallinula. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 244. 8. Gmel. Syt. Nat. 1.662. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.716. Atk. comp. 144. La petite Becassine. Buff. Ois. 7. 490. Becassine sourde. Temm. Man.d’Orn. 440. Id. 2. Edit. 2. 678. Jack Snipe, Judcock, or Gid. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 189. pl. 68. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 367. Albin. Birds, 3. pl. 86. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 136. 8. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4. pl. 159. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 73. Tuis species greatly resembles the former ; but it is considerably smaller ; its length being only eight inches and a half: the beak is about an inch and a half m length, pale towards its base, and black at its tip: the head is divided longitudinally by a black streak, which reaches from the base of the beak to 58 JACK SNIPE. the nape; beyond this, on each side, is a band of a yellowish colour, passing over each eye to the hinder part of the neck; in the midst of which is a narrow black stripe, running parallel to the former: the neck is white, spotted with brown and pale-red: the scapulars are very narrow, long, and beautifully bor- dered with yellow on their outer edges, and streaked and marked with bright rust-colour on a deep brown ground, glossed with bronze and purple tints, on their inner webs: the quills are dusky: the rump is of a glossy bluish-purple: the belly and vent are white : the tail is dark brown with ferruginous edges : the legs are dirty green. The manners of this species are very similar to those of the preceding. Their flight is swifter and more direct: they do not appear to be so numerous in this country as the last described ; and they continue with us nearly the whole year: they breed in the marshes, and their eggs are coloured the same as those of the Common Snipe, but they are much smaller, not being much larger than those of the Lark ; they are five or six in number. It is found in most parts of Europe, and in North America, but appears with us much later than the former species, and is not known to remain in this country during the breeding season: it is a solitary bird, and among rushes, or other thick coverts, it will lie till in danger of being trod on, and when roused seldom flies far. JAVAN SNIPE. (Gallinago saturata.) Ga. rostro subelongato apice tuberculato, supra ew nigro satura- tissimo castaneoque varlegata, subtus pallidior. Snipe with its beak rather elongated and its tip tuberculated, above variegated with deep black and chesnut, beneath paler. Scolopax saturata. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 191. Leneru twelve inches: at the base of the lower mandible is a small whitish spot: the anterior part of the neck is transversely banded with black and ches- nut; the breast and abdomen are sooty-black with irregular dusky bands. ‘This is one of the rarest of Javan birds, found once only near a mountain lake, at an elevation of 7000 feet above the ocean. De- scribed as above in the thirteenth volume of the Lin- nean ‘Transactions by Dr. Horsfield. 60 MACRORHAMPHUS. LONGBEAK. Generic Character. Rostrum longissimum, rec- || Beak very long, straight, tum, teretiusculum, medio rounded, rather slender in suberacile, apice dilatato, the middle, its tip dilated, subincurvo, rugoso. somewhat incurved and ru- gose. Nares \aterales, basales. Nostrils lateral, basal. Pedes tetradactyli, digiti ex- | Legs four-toed; the outer teriores basi membrana toes connected at their base connexi; pollex apice solo by amembrane; the hinder insistens: ¢ibt@ parte in- one resting on its tip alone: feriore nude. the lower part of the tibiae naked. SCOLOPAX. Gmel., Lath., Nills., Temm. MACRORHAMPHUS. Leach. ‘THERE is but one species known of this genus, which was established by my friend Dr. Leach, and named by him, as above, in the Catalogue of the In- digenous Animals preserved in the British Museum. Temminck, in the second edition of his Manuel, con- siders it as a true Scolopax, but in that opinion I cannot coincide, as its habits are so very dissimilar to those of the birds of that genus, and its beak is, more- over, so much larger, and more expanded at its tip BROWN ILONGBEAKR. BROWN LONGBEAK. 61 than in that of the Woodcock: added to which, the membrane between its two outer toes marks: a ce stinctive character. = say own, Evie clouded. eae with the wings brown, » the eye-brows, throat, belly, and thighs white, the rump and * tail- feathers striped with black. DRES Scolopax grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 658. - Lath. T, rn. Orn. 2. 724. Atk. comp. 143. Be tance griseus. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 31. Scolopax Paykullii. Nélls. Orn. Suec. 2. 106. Becassine ponctuée. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2. Edit. i. 679. Brown Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 365. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 154. Mont, Orn. Dict. 2. and pl. in Sup. Summer Dress.—Scolopax Noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.658. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 723.: Totanus Noveboracensis. “Sabine, Fk: Journ. App. 687. Bs ie uae Snipe. Penn. Arct. Lool. 2.368. Lath. Gen. Syn. . 153. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 45. pl Lavi, Joule Tue winter plumage of this rare bird answers to the following description: its length is about ten inches and a half: its beak is brown: the top of its head, the neck, breast, and wing-coverts are plain ashy-brown: between the beak and eye is a stripe of the same colour: the eyebrows, belly, throat, and thighs are pure white: the sides of the body are 62 BROWN LONGBEAK. white varied with waves of clear brown: the back and scapulars are clear brown, with all the feathers tipped with deeper brown: the rump and under tail- coverts are white, marked with broad blackish lu- nules, which are converted into transverse bands on the upper tail-coverts ; all of the tail-feathers them- selves are closely rayed with alternate bands of black and white: the legs are greenish yellow. During ~ the summer this species is distinguished by shades of reddish-brown on the top of the head, on the nape, the back, and on the scapulars, all of which parts are uregularly varied with black and yellowish: the cheeks and eyebrows are bright reddish: the fore- part of the neck and the breast is reddish-brown: the wing-coverts are ash-colour, edged with whitish : the belly, rump, and tail are the same as in the winter. The young in the first year have all the upper parts black, except the nape, which is brown; each feather is edged with a broad fillet of bright red: the eye- brows and all the under parts are dull whitish tinged with red; which colour is most predominant on the breast : all the feathers of this part, as well as those of the sides of the body and the eyebrows, are spotted with very small brown dots; and the middle tail- feathers are tipped with red. The native country of this species appears to be North America, where it is very abundant : two spe- cimens, however, have been killed in Europe, one in Sweden, the other in England; the latter was shot on the coast of Devonshire in the beginning of October, and having fallen into the hands of that zealous ornithologist Montagu, was purchased, with BROWN LONGBEAK. 63 the rest of his valuable collection of the Fauna of the British Islands, by the ‘Trustees of the British Mu- seum, in which repository it now remains in excellent preservation. Montagu remarks, in his Ornitholo- gical Dictionary, that it was very tame, and suffered the person who killed it to approach very near, and that it was in poor condition. Wilson has given some account of its manners, which are somewhat different from those of the Snipes. It arrives on the sea-coast of New Jersey early in April, and is seldom seen inland: early in May it proceeds to the north to breed, and returns by the end of July or beginning of August: during its stay it flies in flocks, some- times very high, and has then a loud and shrill whistle. They sometimes settle in such numbers and so close together, that upwards of eighty have been shot at one discharge of the fowling-piece! When they are flushed, they spring up with a loud whistle, and generally rise very high, making several cir- cuitous manceuvres in the air before they descend. They frequent the mud-flats at low-water in search of food, which consists of small mollusce: in the month of September they become very fat, and are said to be excellent food: shortly afterwards they leave the United States and retire southwards. 64 RHYNCHAA. RHYNCH ASA. Generic Character. Rostrum longun, _ tenuis- |) Beak long, slender, sulcated culum, supra sulcatum, above, and swollen towards versus apicem tumidius- its tip; the tip smooth and culum, apice levigato in- incurved. curvo. groove. Ale breves, subconcavee ; re- || Wings short, slightly con- migibus secunda, tertia cave; the second quills longer than the third. Feet four-toed? the outer toes joined at their base by longioribus. Pedes tetradactyli? digiti exteriore basi membrana coaliti, pollex apice solo Insistens. Nares laterales in sulco site. Nostrils lateral, placed in a | a membrane, the tip of the | hinder toe alone resting on the ground. RHYNCHEA. Cuv., Horsf. SCOLOPAX. Linn. Gmel., Lath. GALLINAGO. Briss. ROSTRATULA. Vieill. THE birds of this genus are natives of tropical cli- mates, but not of America. The two mandibles of the beak are nearly even, and are slightly arcuated at their tips. Ll. 720. SS SD S SES eS CAPE REAYNCHAA. CAPE RHYNCHAA. 65 They resemble the Snipes, but their colours are more brilliant, and t they are remarkable for the ocel- lated spots with which ‘th ie feathers of their wings and tails are adorned. Their habits are unknown. nh lined utringue dorsali albd. Rhynchza with the beak and a line on the verte black fascia on the breast, and a white line on. each si back. Scolopax capensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 246. 14. Gmel. Syst, Nat. 1. 666. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.716. © * Gallinago Capitis Boni Spei. Brass. Om App. 141. pl. 6. La Becassine du Cap de Bonne ee ee ees Ois. 7. 494. Buff. Pl. Enl. 270. Cape Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 138. 9, Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. i. 244, Tus bird is the size of 1 the common Snipe: its length is ten inches : 2 ats: beak is one ‘inch and three quarters in length ; its colour is reddish brown: the crown of the head is ash-coloured, crossed with black streaks: down the middle is a pale band from the base of the beak to the hind head; round the eyes white, ending in a streak behind: the under part is bounded by a black line; the rest of the head and neck are rufous: the upper part of the body, wings, and tail are ash-coloured, transversely waved and V. XII. P. I. 9) 66 CHINESE RHYNCH@A. crossed with black: the quills have four or five yel- lowish bars on the inner web of each feather, and about the same number of similar coloured round spots on the outer web: the tail-feathers are marked in the same manner ; the four middle feathers having yellowish bars, and the four outer ones on each side being spotted: the outer edge of the quills is streaked with white: at the upper part of the breast is a band of black; from this all the under parts are whitish : the legs are dusky. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. CHINESE RHYNCHAA. (Rhynchza Sinensis.) Ru. cerulescente fusco rufo nigroque variegata, superciliis lined verticis guld abdominegue albis. Rhynchza variegated with bluish, brown, red, and black, with the eyebrows, a line on the vertex, the throat and abdomen white. Scolopax Sinensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 717. La Becassine de la Chine. Buff. Ois.7.495. Buff. Pl. Enl. 881. Cape Snipe, B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 139. Tuts has somewhat the appearance of the former, and is thus described by Latham: “ Smaller than the Common Snipe: length ten inches: beak yellow, with a dusky tip: top of the head brown, mixed with black : down the middle of the crown, and over each eye, a stripe of white: the chin white: the rest of the head and neck mixed-grey and pale-brown: the MADAGASCAR RHYNCHZEA. 67 fore part of the neck is streaked perpendicularly; and the back part, and all round the bottom, transversely : the upper part of the body and wings delicately mixed and waved with bluish-grey, brown, pale-rufous, and black: breast and under-parts white: quills dusky, marked with oval cream-coloured spots: tail blue- grey and dusky mixed, with three or four roundish cream-coloured spots on each feather, surrounded with black: legs grey. Inhabits China.’ MADAGASCAR RHYNCHZA. (Rhyncheea Madagascariensis.) Ru. cinereo, griseo, nigroque undulata, capite colloque rufis. Rhynchza undulated with cinereous, grey, and black, with the head and neck rufous. Scolopax Capensis, y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 717. Becassine de Madagascar. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8.495. Buff. Pl. Enl. 922. Rallus Bengalensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 263. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 715. var. Totanus Bengalensis. Briss, Orn. 5. 209. var. Le Chevalier vert. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 8. 520. var. Bengal Water Rail. Albin. Birds, 3. pl. 90. Cape Snipe, var.C,and D. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 139. and 140. In length ten inches : its beak is dusky-red : round the eye white, passing a trifle down the neck on each side; eyebrows black ; the rest of the head and the neck rufous: the chin white: the lower part of the neck and back undulated with black and grey ; and the wing-coverts with cinereous: the se- 68 MADRAS RHYNCHAA. condaries and tail are waved with black and grey, with three or four pale-rufous oval spots, edged with black: the primaries are alternately banded with rufous and black: the under parts of the body are white: the legs are dirty red. The Rallus Ben- galensis scarcely differs from the above: it has the crown white: the upper part of the back, the sca- pulars and wing-coverts of a greenish cast : the lower part of the back and rump white: the primaries purple and the secondaries green: in other respects it does not materially differ from the first mentioned. This species is found at Madagascar and Bengal. MADRAS RHYNCHZAe (Rhyncheea? maderaspatana.) Ru? nigricante fulvogue varia subtus alba, capite fascis tribus, dorso duabus fusco-nigricantibus, pectoris unicé nigra. Rhynchea varied with dusky and fulvous, beneath white, with three fascia on the head, and tw» on the back of a dusky- brown, and one on the breast black. Rhynchea orientalis. Linn. Trans. xiii. 193. Scolopax maderaspatana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 667. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 744s Gallinago maderaspatana. Briss. Orn. 5. 308. La Becassine de Madras. Buff: Ois. 7. 496. Partridge Snipe. aii. Syn, 193. pl. 1.f- 2. Madras Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.141. 10. Tue native place of this bird is Madras, and it differs from the rest of the species of this genus m MADRAS RHYNCH#A. 69 having the hinder toe of an equal length with the fore ones: its beak is pale-rufous: the head is divided longitudinally by a brownish stripe, which extends from the base of the beak to the hind-head ; and is accompanied on each side of the head, behind the eyes, with another: the prevailing colours of the upper parts are fulvous and dusky: on the back are two dusky-brown bands: the quills and tail are varie- gated with black, fulvous, and grey: the throat and fore part of the neck are fulvous, sprinkled with dusky : on the breast is a black band: the rest of the under parts is white. | Also found in Java. 70 FEDOA. GODWIT. Generic Character. Rostrum basi crassum, lon- gissimum, teretiusculum, paulo recurvum, apice leve, obtuso: mandibula superiore lateratim — sul- cata, nodo interno termi- Beak thick at its base, very long, rounded, rather re- curved, the tip smooth, obtuse: the upper man- dible laterally sulcated, and terminated by an in- nata. ternal node. Nares laterales, in sulco lon- gitudinali site. Pedes longi, tetradactyli; Nostrils lateral, placed in a longitudinal groove. Legs long, with four toes ; the outer ones connected by a membrane; the tip of digitis exterioribus mem- brana connexis: pollex apice in terram insistente. the hinder toe alone resting on the ground. FEDOA. Ray. LIMOSA. Briss., Beck., Temm., Cuv., Hors. SCOLOPAX. Linn., Gmel., Lath. GODWITS are well characterised by the slight recurvation at the tip of their beaks ; which are very long : their nostrils are placed in a groove, which is covered by a pierced membrane. ‘Their legs are long and slender, and they are naked for a considerable distance above the knee: the membrane between the external toes extends to the first jot. Their wings AMERICAN GODWIT. 741 are mediocral, and their first quill is the longest. Their long and flexible beak is well calculated for procuring their food, which consists of worms, in the soft mud, and being exquisitely furnished with nerves, is very sensitive. ‘They are a timid and solitary tribe, fre- quenting damp meadows, soft marshes, and the muddy banks of rivers: they seldom, however, remain above a day or two in the same place, but remove in flocks during the night, flymg very high. ‘They are mi- gratory ; and moult twice in the year. Their flesh is excellent. Their cry resembles that of a goat. AMERICAN GODWIT. (Fedoa Americana.) Fr. rufa nigro varia, subtus alba, remigibus secondarus rufis nigro punctatis, pedibus fuscis. Red Godwit varied with black, beneath white, the secondary quills rufous, spotted with black, the legs brown. Scolopax Fedoa. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1.244. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 663. Lath. Ind. Orn. 718. Limosa Americana rufa. Briss. Orn. 5. 287. Limosa Fedoa. Sabine. Frank. Journ, App. 689. Fedoa Americana. Edw. Birds, pl. 137. Barge rouge de la baie d’ Hudson. Buff: Ois.7. 507. American Godwit. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.371. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 142. Great Marbled Godwit. Wals. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 30. pl. lvi. fit. Tue male of this bird is nineteen inches long, and thirty-four imches in extent: the beak is nearly six 72 AMERICAN GODWIT. inches in length, a little turned up towards the ex- tremity, where it is black; the base is of a pale pur- plish-flesh colour: chin and upper part of the throat whitish : head and neck mottled with dusky-brown and black on a ferruginous ground: breast barred with waved lines of black : back and scapulars black, marbled with pale brown: rump and tail-coverts of a very light brown, barred with dark brown : tail even, except the two middle feathers, which are a little the longest : wings pale ferruginous, elegantly marbled with dark brown; the four first primaries black on the outer edge; inside and lower parts of the wings bright ferruginous: belly and vent light rust colour, with a tinge of lake. The female differs in wanting the bars of black on the breast. Inhabits North America. ‘They are a shy, cau- tious, and watchful bird; but, according to Wilson, they are so strongly attached to each other, that on wounding one in a flock, the rest are immediately arrested in their flight, and make so many circuits over the spot where it lies flutterig and screaming, that the sportsman often makes great destruction among them. ‘They are found in the salt marshes of the United States in May, and part of June, and also on their return in October and November ; at which time they are usually fat and in high estima- tion for the table. — tt a i i te i i i ti te ee «i a BLACK-TAILED GOoODw iT. 73 BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. saat Clas Ra — . ~~ > (Fedoa melanura.) Fe. caudé nigra, basi alba; remigibus speculo albo, unguibus meduis elongatis denticulatis. Godwit with a black tail, with its base white, a white speculum on the quills, and the i inner claws elongated and denticulated. Fedoa nostra secunda. Rait. Aves. 105. Scolopax Limosa. Linn. Sj yste Nat. L 244. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 666. Lath. Ind. Orn. oN ‘19. La Barge ou Barge comm pl. 27. Buff: Pl. Enl. 874: on: Limosa melanura. Temm. nicn WORE “429. “Id. 2. Bilt 2. 664. Hors. Linn. Trans. xiii. 193. Sabine. _ Frank. Journ. App. 689. hea Le Barge 4 queue noire. Cuv. Ree nan iy, 488. Jadreka Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 146. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. with pl. Lew. Brit. Birds. 4. pl. 162. Summer Dress.—Scolopax Belgica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 663. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.719. . & Scolopax CEgocephala. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.246. Gmel. Sue Nat. 1.667. Lath. Ind. Orn.2.719. La Grande Barge Rouss. Buff: Hist. Nat. O's, 5.505. Buff Pl. Enl.916. Red Godwit. Penn. Brit. Zool. a B. Be ici. Gen. Syn. 5. 142. Walc. Syn, 2. 140. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4. pl. 160. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. I Buf 3 Hit. Nat. Ois. 5. 500. THE dieinathiatine characters of this bird, are its having the tail of an uniform black with a white base; the nail of the middle toe dentate; and a: white spot on the wing-quills. Length about six- teen inches. Its summer plumage possesses the fol- lowing colours: its beak is bright orange at its base, with a black tip: from the upper mandible of the 74: BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. beak to the eye is a reddish-white band; and be- tween the latter and the beak is a brown space: the feathers on the top of the head are black, edged with bright red: the throat and neck are bright red, marked with very small brown dots: the breast and sides are bright red transversely rayed with slender zigzag black bars: the top of the back and scapulars are deep black, with all the feathers terminated by a bright red band edged with very small spots of the same colour : the wing-coverts are ash-coloured : the lower part of the back and the tail are deep black ; the basal half of the latter and base of the wing- quills and the under parts of the body pure white : legs black. In the winter all the upper parts of the body are of an uniform ashy-brown, varied with deeper shades in the direction of the shafts of the feathers : the throat, the fore part of the neck, the breast, and the sides are of a bright grey: the rump is dusky: the under part of the body and abdomen, the upper part of the quills, and the base of the tail-feathers are pure white ; and throughout all the latter is a deep black band ; the central feathers being tipped with white: the base of the beak is dull orange, and its tip is black: the legs are dusky brown. The young have the band between the upper mandible of the beak and the eye, the throat, the base of the tail- feathers, that of the quills, with the lower parts of the body and the abdomen pure white: the feathers on the top of the head are brown, edged with red: the neck and breast are clear ashy-red : the feathers of the back and scapulars are dusky, surrounded by a red margim: the wing-coverts are grey, edged and MEYERS GODWIT. 715 tipped by a large reddish-white spot: the tip of the tail-feathers white, and of the beak brown. This species is found in various parts of Europe, and also occurs in North America: it is found in marshy places and meadows, on the muddy banks of ditches and pools of water: it migrates spring and autumn, and breeds in the north, forming a nest among high plants, and laying four deep olive-coloured eggs, speckled with large spots of pale brown : it feeds upon caterpillars, insects, worms, and the spawn of frogs. It is a very rare species in England, but abounds in Holland: in the former country it never occurs im summer. MEYERS GODWIT. (Fedoa Meyeri.) Fer. vostro longissimo, rectricibus duabus mediis lateralibusque longitudinali reliquis transversim, albo nigroque radiatis. Godwit with a very long beak, the two middle and lateral tail- feathers longitudinally, and the rest transversely, radiated with black and white. Limosa Meyeri. (Leisler.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 434. Barge Meyer. Temm. man. d’Orn. 434. Tuts species has some of the tail-feathers barred transversely with white and dusky; the two middle ones and the lateral one on each side longitudinally rayed: the claw of the middle toe is entire: the 76 MEYERS GODWIT. length of the bird is near sixteen inches. In the summer the top of its head, its nape, back, and sca- pulars are dusky brown, the edges of each feather spotted with yellowish: the under parts of the body (with the exception of the belly, which is pure white) are clear reddish-yellow, varied on the sides of the breast, of the body, and on the under tail-coverts with black streaks: the quills are black, marked on their inner webs with white. In the winter all the upper parts of the body are of a grey-brown, with the head and neck of a deeper grey: the fore part of the neck and the top of the breast are grey, with transverse dusky stripes: the rest of the under parts are pure white, except the sides, which are brown, and similarly striped to the upper part of the breast: the quills are black: the tail is barred with alternate bars of white and dusky ; but on some of the feathers they are disposed transversely, and upon others longitudinally: the beak is of a dirty yellow at its base and dusky at its tip: the legs are black. Inhabits the muddy banks of rivers towards the north, and is occasionally found in Germany : it is supposed to breed in the polar regions. RED GODWIT. 77 RED GODWIT. (Fedoa rufa. ) Fs. vostro longa, caudé albé fuscd transversim radiata, unguibus medis brevis integris. Godwit with a long beak, the tail white, transversely striped with brown, the middle claws stout and entire. Scolopax Lapponica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 246. Lath. Ind. Om. 2. 718. Fedoa Americana, pectore rufo. Edw, Birds, al. 138. Limosa rufa. Briss. Orn. 5. 2812 ple 25. Sf. 1. Temm. man. d’Orn, 432. Id. 2. Edit. ii, 668. ~ La Barge Rousse. Buff. ‘Hist. Nat. is. 7.504. Buff. Pl. Enl. 900. “SS ee La Barge aboyeuse i casset Cu. Reg. Anim. 1. 488. Red Godwit. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2 + QS goer Young. eel Jeucophea. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2.719. Limosa grisea major. Briss. Orn. 5. 272. pl. 24. f. 2. Common Godwit. Penn. Brit. Zool, 120. B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 144. . Lath. Syn. Sup. 1. 245. eitiant Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. . Brit. Birds, 2.78. Grey Godwit. _ Lew. Brit. Birds, 4. Pl 161. Don. Brit. Birds, A, pl. 75. | | DistTin GUISHED font aie black-tailed Godwit by the tail-feathers being transversely rayed with white and brown, the uae of the middle toe being entire, and by the length of its beak. The length is about thirteen inches and a half. In the summer the top of its head and the nape are fine red, longitudinally rayed with brown: the eyebrows, throat, sides of the neck, and all the under parts are bright red; the sides of the breast, and the under tail-coverts being varied with longitudinal black streaks : the back, sca- 78 RED GODWIT. pulars, and the slender feathers which cover the quills are deep black ; all the webs marked with oval spots of a bright red: the wing-coverts are grey, edged with pure white: the rump is white varied with brown spots: the quills are black, internally marbled with white: the tail is alternately rayed with bars of brown and white. The young have the head, nape, the top of the back, and the scapulars deep brown, edged irregularly with yellowish-white : the wing-coverts are edged with a whitish band: the forehead, eyebrows, the throat, the breast, belly, vent, and rump are pure white, as are the under tail-coverts, but the latter are longitudinally varied with brown spots: the fore part of the neck and the sides of the breast are reddish-ash varied with small brown longitudinal streaks: the quills are black: the tail-feathers are alternately barred with brown and reddish-white. The Red Godwit is found in various parts of Eu- rope, Asia, and North America: in England it is found throughout the year,—in the spring and summer re- siding in the fens and marshes, where it breeds ; but in the winter it removes to the salt marshes on the coast, particularly near the mouths of large rivers and inlets. It feeds upon small worms and insects, and is much esteemed by epicures as a great deli- cacy, and sells very high: it is commonly taken in nets with the Ruffs, by means of a stale or stuffed bird. ce Rennettenetanenaalimee! 79 RED-BREASTED GODWIT. (Fedoa pectoralis.) Fe, fusco ferrugineoque varia, subtus rufa, crisso tectricibusgue caude inferioribus albis, rectricibus duabus intermediis sub- elongatis. Godwit varied with brown and rust-colour, beneath red, with the vent and under tail-coverts white, the two middle tail-feathers rather elongated. Limosa noveboracensis. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 32. Limosa rufa, var. Zemm. man. d’Orn. Ed. 2. ii. 669. Red-breasted Snipe. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. with fig. Mont. ~ Linn. Trans. ix. p. 198. TEMMINCK suspects that this bird, called the Red- breasted Snipe by Montagu, is merely a variety of the Red Godwit ; but as the last author is decidedly of opinion that it is perfectly distinct from that spe- cies, I shall give the description in his own words, remarking, however, that it is well ascertained to be different from the Red-breasted Snipe of the Arctic Zoology, which is the opposite sex of the Brown Snipe of the same work. ‘Its length (says Montagu) is fifteen inches: beak three inches long, slightly reflected, and of a dusky colour, except at the base of the under man- dible, which is pale; the upper mandible longest, and almost the eighth of an inch : irides dusky : orbits white: crown of the head ferruginous, streaked with dusky: sides of the head, chin, and throat, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, and sides, bright bay, palest on the chin, and with a few solitary white feathers on the belly : round the vent and under tail-coverts, the 80 RED-BREASTED GODWIT. feathers are white, tipped with bay, showing part of the white: upper part of the neck behind ferruginous, slightly marked down the shafts with dusky : lower part of the hind-neck, upper part of the back, and scapulars dusky, spotted with ferruginous on the margin of the feathers: lower part of the back and rump white, with oblong dusky spots down the shafts: upper tail-coverts barred dusky and ferruginous, be- coming white at the base of the feathers : prime quills dusky black, the six first mottled with brown and white on the inner webs towards the base; the se- condaries cinereous, margined and spotted with white: the shafts of all more or less white: greater coverts of the prime quills black ; from the fifth tipped with white: those of the secondaries cinereous, the inner webs spotted with white: lesser coverts a mixture of dusky, cinereous, and white, dashed with ferruginous, with a few feathers near the quills spotted ferruginous like the back: under wing-coverts white, elegantly barred, and spotted with black: tail nearly even at the end, the two middle feathers the largest, the whole marked with eight or nine alternate bars of black and white quite to the base, forming, when the tail is spread, so many concentric semicircular bands : legs dusky black.” This species has been taken occasionally in Eng- land, in the counties of Devon and Cornwall. sl HUDSONIAN GODWIT. (Fedoa Hudsonica. ) Fe. fusca maculis albis, subtus castaneo-ferruginea fasciis fuscis, supercilits gula uropygio rectricibusque basi albis. Brown Godwit, with white spots, beneath rusty-chesnut with brown bands, the eyebrows, throat, rump, and base of the tail- feathers white. ; Scolopax Hudsonica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 720. Hudsonian Godwit. Lath. Syn. Sup. 246. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. p. 68. Tuts approaches somewhat to the Red-breasted Godwit : it is given from Latham, who thus describes it from a specimen in his own collection: ‘‘ Length seventeen inches: beak three inches long, turning upwards ; the base half pale, the rest black: top of the head blackish, spotted or streaked with dusky white: sides of the head and back part of the neck much the same: lore dusky: over the eyes, from the beak, a white streak: chin nearly white: back and scapulars dusky brown, spotted with rufous-white, one spot being placed on each side of the shaft, for the most part, though in the large feathers two: wing-coverts brown, some of the middle ones mixed with paler, with the addition of some white spots ; larger coverts plain ash-colour : quills black, the shafts white; the base of all, from the fourth, white to about one-third of their length: rump and upper tail-coverts white: the under parts of the bird, the whole way from the throat to the vent, fine rufous-chesnut, V. Klee. 1. 6 Se MARBLED GODWIT. waved across with dusky lines, each feather having a narrow line near the tip: the tail-feathers white at the base, taking up most-space as the feathers ap- proach outwards: the rest of their length dusky black : legs black: wings and tail of equal lengths.” In- habits Hudson’s Bay. It is in high estimation for the table, and is eagerly sought after by sportsmen, on the bars and shores of the large rivers and lakes, where it feeds: it breeds in the north. MARBLED GODWIT. (Fedoa marmorata.) Fr. nigricante pallideque rufo maculatim varia, abdomine medio supercilis gulaque albidis, pectore fusco undulato, remigibus rufescentibus quatuor primis extus apiceque nigris. Godwit varied with dusky and pale, and spotted with black, the middle-of the abdomen, eyebrows, and throat whitish, the breast undulated with brown, the quills reddish, the four first with the outer webs and tip black. Scolopax marmorata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 720. Marbled Godwit. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 245. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. p. 68. Tue description of this species is also taken from Dr. Latham’s Supplement. ‘‘ Length nineteen inches: beak nearly four inches; colour a dull orange ; to- wards the end black : all the upper parts brown, more : or less streaked and spotted with rufous-white : be- tween the beak and eye, also the chin, white: on TEREK GODWIT: 83 the back the marks are pale-rufous, and pretty nu- merous, arising from each feather having five or six transverse bars of that colour on the margins: the wing-coverts have less brown in them, appearing at a distance scarcely marked with it : the quills are rufous cream-colour, dotted with minute specks of brown ; the four first have the outer webs and ends of a dusky black ; the shafts of the outmost are white: under wing-coverts pale-rufous: the breast and sides are of this last colour, but much paler, and transversely barred with dusky waved lines, broadest on the sides : the middle of the belly and thighs plain : vent nearly white: tail rufous, crossed with six or seven bars of brown on each feather; the three outer ones quite irregular; the two middle ones palest: legs black. Inhabits Hudson’s Bay.” TEREK GODWIT. (Fedoa Terekensis.) FE. cinerea fusco maculata subtus alba, collo subtus pectoreque cinereo nebulosis, fascia alarum remigibusque secondariis apice albis. Cinereous Godwit spotted with brown, beneath white, the neck beneath and breast clouded with ash-colour, a.fascia on the wings and the secondary quills, at the tip white. Scolopax cinerea. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.657. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 724. Terek Avoset. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 502. Terek Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 155. 84. TEREK GODWIT. Tus curious species is probably referable to a distinct genus, as its beak materially differs im form from that of the true Godwits; it is nearly two inches in length, and bends upwards from the base, and slightly downwards at the tip; its colour is black : the upper parts of the plumage are cinereous, with the middle of each feather brown, forming stripes of the latter colour down the head, neck, and back : the rump is also marked with brown, but in a trans- verse direction: the wings are ash-coloured, barred with white: the quills are brown; the first with a white shaft, the second ash-coloured ; the secondaries are tipped with white: the under parts of the body are white, with the throat and breast clouded with ash-colour: the tail-feathers are greyish-ash, all but the two middle ones, varied with whitish: legs red- dish-brown : irides brown. Found during the summer in the vicinity of the Caspian Sea, breeding about the mouth of the river Terek : it frequents the marshes and salt lakes in flocks, and feeds on insects, worms, &c. 85 LIMOSA. GREENSHANKS. Generic Character. Rostrum longissimum, va- lidum, durum, valde com- pressum, basi tam altum quam latum: mandibulee supra paulo recurvatis, apicibus rectis. Nares laterales, lineares, in sulco longitudinali site. Pedes longi, tetradactyli; di- giti exteriores basi mem- connex1; brana pollex apice solo insistens. LIMOSA. Briss. Beak very long, stout, hard, much compressed, its base higher than broad: the upper mandible slightly recurved, the tip straight. Nostrils lateral, linear, placed in a longitudinal groove. Legs long, four-toed; the outer toes connected by a membrane at the base; the hinder toe resting on its tip alone. SCOLOPAX. Linn., Gmel., Lath. TOTANUS. Becks., Temm., Cuyv. PLUVIALIS. Ray. LIMICULA. Leach. THERE is only one species of this genus, which is a native of Europe: its manners are fully detailed in the subsequent pages. 86 COMMON GREENSHANK. (Limosa Glottis). Li. griseo-fusca maculis nigricantibus varia, superciltis dorso in- fima corporeque subtus albis, fasciis fuscis. Grey-brown Greenshanks varied with dusky spots, the eyebrows, lower part of the back and body beneath white, the tail-feathers white, with brown bands. Scolopax Glottis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 720. Totanus Glottis. (Beckstein.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 425. Limosa grisea. Briss. Orn, 5. 267. pl. 23. f- 1. La Barge varie. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ovs. 7. 503? La Barge aboyeuse. Buff. Hist. Nat, Ois.7. 505. Pluvialis major. Razz. p. 106. Le Chevalier 4 gros bec. Cuv, Reg. Anim. 1. 493. | : Green-legged Horseman. Alb. Brit. Birds, 2. 69. Greenshank. Penn. Brit, Zool. 2.183. Lath. Gen. Syn. Lath. Syn. Sup.249. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4. pl. 163. Mont. Orn. Dict. l. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 86. ~ Chevalier aboyeuse. Temm. man. d’Orn. 425. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 659. Limicula Glottis. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 32. Scolopax canescens. Gmel. Syst. Nai. 1.668. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 721. variety. Cinereous Godwit. Penn, Brit. Zool. 2.180. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.145. Mont. Orn. Dict, 1. and Sup. Lenetu about a foot : in summer the top of its head and nape are longitudinally rayed with deep black and white : round the eyes is a white circle ; the forehead, the throat, the fore part of the neck, the breast, the upper part of the belly and the sides are pure white, but sprinkled with ovaldusky spots, which are most nu- merous in the middle of the summer ; the rest of the COMMON GREENSHANK., COMMON GREENSHANK. S87 under parts are pure unsullied white, except the under tail-coverts,- which have the feathers spotted with black in the direction of the shafts: the top of the back and scapulars are deep black; the feathers of the former edged with white, and of the latter varied by three or four whitish-red spots, which are placed near the margins of the webs: the bend of the wing is black : the greater wing-coverts, and the long eS thers which protect the quills, are of a coda -grey, spotted in the direction of the shafts with black ; and the long feathers: have also small black interrupted streaks disposed near the edges of the webs: the rest of the coverts are edged with white, which is followed by a band of brown: -the two intermediate tail-fea- thers are ash-coloured, with transverse brown zigzag stripes. The young have the space between the upper mandible and the eye, the throat, the middle of the breast, the belly, the rest of the under parts of the body, and the middle of the back, pure white : the head, cheeks, sides, and fore part of the neck and sides of the breast are longitudinally rayed with brownish-ash and white: the feathers on the top of the back, the scapulars, and the wing-coverts, are dusky-brown, edged with a deep margin of whitish- yellow: the larger elongated feathers on the edges of the quills are ornamented with small deep brown diagonal stripes: the tail is white, the middle fea- thers being rayed transversely, and the two lateral ones longitudinally, with brown: the tip of the quills is whitish: the under wing-coverts are rayed with brown: the beak is brownish-ash: the legs of a yel- lowish-green. 88 COMMON GREENSHANK. The Cinereous Godwit of Pennant scarcely appears to differ from the young of the above. ‘Temminck observes, that at the commencement of the moult in the spring he has killed specimens which have not the deep black on the back, from which he presumes that the winter plumage is of a reddish-ash ; and that all the feathers on the upper parts of the back are dusky near the shafts, and spotted with brown and white. This species is not numerous in England, but it is sometimes observed in small flocks on the coasts in winter, and also in the adjacent marshes and fens: its summer residence is in the northern parts of Ku- rope, where they are said to be in great plenty, and to breed. Montagu received an egg which, it was asserted, belonged to this bird; it was rather less than that of a lapwing, and not very unlike it in shape and colour, being of an olive-brown, covered with dusky spots all over, but smaller than those of the above-mentioned bird. It lives upon small fishes, mollusca, and aquatic msects: its flesh is much esteemed. 89 CALIDRIS. KNOT. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, teretius- || Beak mediocral, rounded, culum, subtenue, flexibile, rather slender, flexible, supra sulcatum, apice de- || above sulcated, its tip de- presso, lzevigato, dilatato. pressed, smooth and di- lated. Nares lineares in sulco longo || Nostrils linear, placed in a site. ; long groove. Pedes tetradactyl; digitd || Feet four-toed; the tocs mar- marginati, fissi: pollex || - gined and cleft; the hinder apice solo insistens. toe with its tip alone rest- img on the ground. CALIDRIS. Briss., Cuv. TRINGA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Brun., Temm., Vieil. ‘THE Knots have the beaks depressed at the tip, and the grooves in which the nostrils are placed are very long: the beak is scarcely as long as the head : their toes are slightly bordered with a membrane, but are not palmated: the feathers of the tail are equal in length. There is but one species found in Europe. 90 RED KNOT. . (Calidris Islandica.) Ca. supra cinerea, subtus alba, collo anteriore pectoreque nigro punctatis, uropygio caudaque albis nigro fasctatis. Knot above cinereous, beneath white, with the neck before and the breast spotted with black, the rump and tail white, striped with black. Tringa cinerea. Temm. man. d’Orn. 404. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii. 533. Bécasseau Canut. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 627. Summer Prumace.—Tringa islandica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. App. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.682. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 737. Tringa ferruginea. Brun. No. 180. Winter Piumace.—Tringa cinerea. Brun. No. 179. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 673. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 733. Tringa grisea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.68}. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.735. Tringa canutus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.251. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 679. Briss. Orn. 5. 258. Raii. Syn. 108. A. © Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 738. Calidris grisea. Briss. Orn. 5. 233. pl. 21. f. 2. Maubéche grise. Duff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 531. Buff. pl. Enl. 366. Le canut. Buff. Mist. Nat. Ois. 7. 142. Ash-coloured Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 194. Penn. Arct. Zool. No. 236. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 177. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5.171. Wale. Syn. 2.147. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.103. Wils. Amer. Orn. 7. 36. pl. Iwi. f. 2. Grisled Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 175. Knot. Penn. Brit. Zool. No. 193. Penn. Arct. Zool. No. 384. Edw. Birds, pl. 276. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 187. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. 178. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 75. dts ro i iy RDS cl ee ae ogy RED KNOT. RED KNOT. O1 Youne.—Calidris nevia. Briss. Orn, 5, 229. Tringa nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.681. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 732. ‘Tringa australis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.679. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 737. ; Tringa calidris. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.252. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 681. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 732. Maubéche tachetée. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7.531. Buff. pl. Enl. -365. ‘ La maubéche. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 7.529. Freckled Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. No. 480.B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 174. Southern Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 187. - Lath. Syn. Sup. 249. oo, “i Dusky Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 174. Mont. Orn. Dict. App. . . pe cn Aberdeen Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. Tur variations of plumage to which this bird is subject have been the cause of great confusion in the works of several authors ; it having been called by no less than seven names, as shown by a reference to the synonyms. Montagu and Temminck have, how- ever, ascertained that all the supposed species are referable to this one. Its length is about ten inches : in summer it has its eyebrows, which are very broad, its throat, the sides and fore part of its neck, the breast, belly and sides of a rusty red or copper- colour, the nape red, longitudinally streaked: the top of the head, the back and scapulars, are deep black, all the feathers being edged with bright red ; and on the scapulars are large oval spots of the same colour: the abdomen is white, spotted with red and black : the upper tail-coverts are white, crossed with black and spotted with red: the tail-feathers are Q2 RED KNOT. greyish-ash, edged with whitish. In winter the throat, the middle of the belly, and vent are pure white: the forehead, eyebrows, sides, and fore part. of the neck, the breast and the sides are also white, but varied with small longitudinal brown streaks, and tranverse zigzag brown ash-coloured bands: the head, neck, back and scapulars are bright ash with brown shafts: the rump and upper tail-coverts are white, crossed with zigzag black streaks: the wing- coverts are ash-coloured, edged with white, and with brown shafts: the tail-feathers are ash-coloured, bor- dered with white: the back and legs are blackish green: the iridesare brown. ‘The young have those parts which are copper-coloured in the old of a bright red, till they attain the age of nine months, and during the spring: the nape and top of the head are yellowish-ash with brown longitudinal streaks: the top of the back is varied with bright red and dusky, and the oval spots on the scapulars are very bright red: the middle of the belly, and sometimes the breast, is varied with white feathers and spotted with brown; the proportion of the greyish feathers above and white feathers below varies according to the period of its moulting. The young previous to moulting differ but little from the old in their winter plumage. ‘The cinereous hue on their upper parts is paler: all the feathers are surrounded by a slight dirty yellow border ; with brown longitudinal spots on the top of the head and the nape: there is a slight reddish tinge on the breast, and a brown stripe between the eye and the beak ; the under mandible of the latter and the legs being greenish-brown. AMERICAN KNOT. 93 This species inhabits the arctic regions, where it . breeds: it lives during the summer in the marshes, and in the autumn near the sea coasts: it appears in this country at the latter season, but. does not breed here : the fens of Lincolnshire and the Isle of Ely are the places where it is most frequently seen: in Lincolnshire this species is taken by means of nets in great quantities, and are much esteemed as food when fattened : they first appear in August, and disappear about November with the first frost. They feed on worms and aquatic insects. ‘‘ ‘This bird is said to have been a favourite dish with Canute, king of England ; and Camden observes, that its name is derived from his—Knute, or Knout, as he was called, which, in process of time, has been changed to Knot.” —(Bew. 2. 76.) AMERICAN KNOT. (Calidris rufa.) Ca. corpore supra grisea nigro albo ferrugineoque variegato, guld, superciliis, collo anteriore pectoreque fusco-ferrugineis, ventre crissoque albis. Knot, with the body above grey, variegated with black, white, and rust-colour ; the throat, eyebrows, neck before and breast brownish rust-colour, the belly and vent white. Red-breasted Sandpiper. (Tringa rufa.) Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vil. p. 43. pl. lvii. fi 5. Tus bird is ten inches long, and twenty in ex- tent : the beak is black, and about an inch and a half QA AMERICAN KNOT. long: the chin, eyebrows, and whole breast are pale brownish orange: crown, hind head from the upper mandible backwards, and neck, dull white, streaked with black: back a pale slaty olive; the feathers tipped with white, barred.and spotted with black and pale ferruginous : tail-coverts white, elegantly barred with black : wings plain dusky, black towards the ex- tremity; the greater coverts tipped with white; shafts of the primaries white: tail pale ashy-olive, finely edged with white; the two middle feathers somewhat the longest: belly and vent white, the latter marked with small arrow heads of black: legs and feet black ; toes bordered with a narrow mem- brane: eye small and black. In some specimens the red on the breast is much paler, in others it descends as far as the thighs. Both sexes are alike. Native of North America: it appears in the United States early in May, remains a few weeks, and disappears till October: im November it retires tothe south. It associates in small flocks, and affects the sandy flats of the coasts, searching for small bivalve mollusca. It is not easily alarmed, and on the approach of the sportsman will frequently remain fixed and silent for some time. It is called the grey- back among the Americans, and is greatly prized for its excellent flavour: its nest and eggs are unknown. PELIDNA. -DUNLIN. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longius, tere- || Beak longer than the head, tiusculum, subtenue, flexi- rounded, rather slender, bile, rectum, supra sulca- flexible, straight, sulcated tum, apice levigato dila- above, its tip smooth and tato. dilated. Nares laterales in sulco sitz. || Nostrils lateral, placed in a _ groove. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; || Feet four-toed, cleft; the pollex apice solo insistens. hinder toe resting on its tip only. PELIDNA. Cuv. TRINGA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Temm. SCOLOPAX. Gmel. NUMENIUS. Lath. CINCLUS. Briss., Leach. GALLINAGO. Briss. THE Dunlins resemble the Knots, but are smaller, and have their beak rather longer than the head, and their feet are without borders or membranes: the last species excepted, which has the toes webbed at the base. In appearance. they resemble larks; they fly i in troops near the sea seve and lay their eggs mm the sand. 96 RED DUNLIN. (Pelidna subarcuata. ) Pe. rostro capite longiore, paulo arcuato, rectricibus duabus medits rotundatis. Dunlin with the beak longer than the head, slightly bent down, the two middle tail-feathers rounded. Tringa subarquata. Temm. man. d’Orn. 393. Id. 2 Edit. 2. 609. Scolopax subarquata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 658. L’Alouette de mer ordinaire. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 490. Red Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 476. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 186. : Winter Dress.—Scolopax Africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 655. Numenius Africanus. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.712. L’ Alouette de mer. Buff. Pl. Enl. 851. Cape Curlew. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 126. Tue summer plumage of this species answers to the following description: its forehead, eyebrows, and throat are white dotted with brown: the top of the head is black, edged with rufous: the nape is red, with small longitudinal black dashes : the neck, breast, and under parts are red chesnut ; sometimes, according to the time of year, marked with small black spots, or variegated with white : tail-coverts white, transversely rayed with black and red: the back, scapulars, and large wing-coverts of a deep black ; on the edge of the feathers is a range of angulated bright red-spots, the greater portion of which are terminated with bright ash : the rest of the RED DUNLIN. 97 coverts dusky, edged with reddish-yellow, or deep brown, edged with whitish: the tail is of a dusky- ash, bordered with white. During the winter the forehead, the eyebrows, throat, the upper tail-coverts, the vent, and all the under parts are pure white : between the beak and the eye is a brown stripe: the top of the head, the back, the scapulars, and the wing-coverts are of an ashy-brown, with a deeper brown dash in the direction of the shafts: the fea- thers of the neck are longitudinally rayed with brown, and edged with whitish : the fore part of the neck and the breast are the same, but of a clearer tint : the tail is ash-coloured, edged with white ; the outer feathers are white within. ‘The beak is black, the irides brown, and the legs are brown or dusky- ash: the length of the bird is about eight inches. The young greatly resemble in colour that of the - old in winter ; but the centre of the feathers of the back, the scapulars, and the wing-coverts are dusky- ash, bordered and terminated by a broad band of yellowish-white : no distinct spots on the breast, which is slightly shaded with yellow, white, and bright brown: the beak is slightly arcuated, and about an inch and a half in length: the legs are brown. This ‘bird is a native of most parts of Europe, frequenting the borders of the sea and lakes, and but rarely appearing inland : it migrates in the spring and autumn : its food consists of small msects and worms: it occasionally breeds in Holland, near the water ; laying four or five yellowish eggs, spotted with brown. It has also been taken in England. ey Vie) ells Pe Le r] 98 PURRE DUNLIN. (Pelidna variabilis.) Pr. rostro feré recto, apice paulo inclinato, capite sublongiore, rectricibus duabus mediis elongatis acutisque. Dunlin with the beak nearly straight, its tip slightly inclined, scarcely longer than the head, the two middle tail-feathers elongated and pointed. Tringa variabilis. (Meyer). Temm. man. d'Orn. 395. Sabine, Frank. Journ. App. 686. Bécasseau brunette, ou variable. Zemm. man. d'Orn. 395. Id. 2 Edit. ii, 622. L’Alouette de mer a collier. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 490. Tringa alpina. Sabine, Linn. Trans. xii. p. 534. SumMER PiumAce.—Tringa alpina. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 249. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 676. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 736. Dunlin. Rati, Syn. 109. A. 11. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 205. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.185. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 249. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Supp. and App. Walc. Syn. 2.151. Lewin. Brit. Birds, 5.176. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 117. Red-backed Sandpiper. Wils. Amer. Orn. 7. 25. pl. lvi. f. 2. Winter Prumace.—Tringa cinclus. Lin. Syst. Nat. 1. 251. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 680. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 735. Raii, Syn. 100, A. 13. Cinclus. Briss. Orn. 5. 211. pl. 19. f. 1. Tringa ruficollis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 680. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 736. L’Alouette de mer. Buff: Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 548. Purre. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 475. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 206. Lath, Gen. Syn.5.182. Mont. Orn. Dict.2. Bew. Brit. Birds, - 2. 1Y9S Wils. Amer. Orn. 7. 39: pl. 57. f. 3. Wan. ra. Birds, 1. pl. 32. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl.174. Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 150. Red-necked Purre. Lath. Gen, Syn. 5. 183. 0 se. eh PUTS. VRRE DUNLIN . PURRE DUNLIN. Q9 Varrery.—Cinclus torquatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 216. pl. 19.f. 2. Gallinago anglicana. Briss. Orn. 5. 309. La brunette. Buff. Hist. Nat. Ois. 7. 493. Le cincle. Bug: Hist. Nat. Ois. 7.553. Buff: Pl. Enl. 852. Leneru upwards of seven inches: in summer the throat is white; the forehead, the sides, and fore part of the neck, the sides of the head and the breast are also white, slightly tinged with red ; the feathers on all these parts having a longitudinal deep black ray; and those on the top of the head being black in the middle and edged with bright red : the back, the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts are deep black, surrounded by a broad band of bright red, and tipped with ashy-white : the lower parts of the body and the vent are deep black, varied during the period of incubation with white to a greater or less degree, according to the time: the ima lateral feathers of the under tail-coverts are white on their ‘outer webs : : the tail-feathers are dusky-grey, edged with white. In the winter the plumage assumes the following colours : the throat, a streak from the upper mandible of the beak to the eye, all the under parts of the body, and the three lateral under tail-coverts are pure white : the breast is greyish-white : a stripe between the beak and the eye and the upper parts of the body are grey-brown, with a deeper tinge in the centre of all the feathers: the rump, the interme- diate feathers of the upper tail-coverts, and the two middle tail-feathers are dusky-brown ; the lateral tail-feathers are cinereous, edged with white: the beak is black : the legs and irides are dusky-black. During the spring and autumn the throat, the streak 100 PURRE DUNLIN. between the upper mandible of the beak and the eye, the abdomen and under tail-coverts are pure white : between the beak and the eye is a brown stripe: the neck and breast are yellowish-red, with longitudinal brown spots: on the belly are several dusky-black spots, which are irregularly placed in patches: the feathers of the back and the scapulars are black, edged with clear red and yellowish, but some of them are entirely cinereous towards the approach of the winter: the wing-coverts are brown, edged with yellowish-red. Montagu was the first naturalist who determined the point respecting the identity of the Purre and the Dunlin, he having with infinite pains collected a quantity of specimens together during the periods of moulting ; by which means he ascertained that the two supposed species were but one. Temminck and Sabine are also of this opmion: and these two birds appearing and disappearing in regular succession, annually, also tend to confirm the above. This species is in plenty in this country, and during the winter season is found on the flat sandy shores and inlets of the coast, where large flocks are seen in company with Sanderlings, Dotterels, &c. They run nimbly close to the water’s edge, and are perpetually wagging their tails, whilst they are busily engaged in picking up their food, which consists of small worms and insects. During the summer they also frequent the coasts and prepare their nest, laying three or four very large eggs, which are greenish- white, varied with blotches and spots of brown. It appears to be widely dispersed over Europe and LITTLE DUNLIN. 101 North America: in the United States it is extremely common. Wilson observes that this species, in con- junction with several others, sometimes collect to- gether in such flocks as to seem, at a distance, a large cloud of thick smoke, varying in form and appearance every instant, while it performs its evolu- tions in the air. At such times the sportsmen make prodigious slaughter among them; while, as the showers of their companions fall, the whole body often alight or descend to the surface with them, till the gunner is completely satiated with destruc- tion. LITTLE DUNLIN. (Pelidna pusilla.) Pe. caudé cunetforma, corpore fusco-cinereo subtus albo, rectri- cibus tribus exterioribus utringue albis. Dunlin with a wedge-shaped tail, the body ashy-brown, beneath white, the three outer tail-feathers on each side white. Tringa pusilla. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 737.? Tringa minuta. Sabine, Frank. Journ. App. 686. Little Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.207. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.207. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 184. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. with fig. Wils. Amer. Orn. v. 5. p. 32. Little Stint or Least Snipe. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 122. Tringa fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 733. Brown Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.195. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 250. Monracu thus describes the female of this bird : ‘** Length six inches: beak dusky, three quarters of 102 LITTLE DUNLIN. an inch long, very slender, and little bending down- wards, and rather larger near the point than at the middle: irides dusky: the forehead, crown of the head, back of the neck, back and scapulars dark cinereous, dusky down the shafts, except on the neck, which is rather lighter coloured than the rest : from the beak to the eye a dusky-brown streak ; above that an obscure dirty-white one: chin and throat white: fore part of the neck and upper breast pale cinereous brown : lower breast, belly, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white : primaries, secondaries, and the greater coverts immediately impending them, dusky, very slightly tipped with white, most so on the coverts, and the primaries margined with white on the outer webs, except the two first: the shaft of the first quill is white, the others dusky-brown : spurious wing and smaller coverts near it dusky ; those along the ridge of the wing dusky and cine- reous ; the rest of the coverts and tertials cinereous, like the back ; a few of the former edged with pale rufous-brown: the rump and upper tail-coverts dusky, the feathers slightly tipped with cinereous : the tail is cuneiform, composed of twelve feathers ; the six middle ones are cinereous, the two middle- most inclining to dusky ; the three outer feathers on each side pure white: legs light olive-brown, three quarters of an inch long: claws black.’’ He also describes what appears to be the young bird, previous to its first moulting. ‘ It is,’ he says, ‘‘ the size of the above: the beak and irides the same: the forehead and cheeks round the eyes very pale, nearly white : throat and all beneath white, except across TEMMINCK’S DUNLIN. 103 the breast, where it is mixed with light brown: the crown of the head, back, scapulars, and coverts of the wings dusky-black, more or less margined with pale rufous, but m some of the scapulars the margins are nearly white ; these marginated feathers give the. bird a spotted appearance: the back of the neck brown mixed with cinereous : quills like those of the female: the middle feathers of the tail are like the tertials, dusky, bordered with ferruginous, the others cinereous, palest on the margin: legs dusky.” The female was shot on a salt marsh in the month of November, and the young bird at the mouth of the Bry, near Bridgewater, in September, by Mr. Anstice, who observed a small flock of six, four of which he shot, but was unable to obtain more than one, on account of the softness of the mud. It also occurs in various parts of North America, particularly about Nootka Sound. TEMMINCK’S DUNLIN. (Pelidna Temminckii.) Pe. cauda cuneiforma, rostro apice subinclinante, capite breviore, rectricibus tribus exterioribus albis. Dunlin with a wedge-shaped tail, the beak rather inclined at its tip, shorter than its head, the three outer tail-feathers white. Tringa Temminckii. Leisler, Temm. man. d’Orn. 401. Bécasseau temmia. Jemm. man. d’Orn. 401. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 622. 104 TEMMINCK’S DUNLIN. Temm™inck gives the following description of this species: Length five inches and a half: beak very slightly bent at its point, and shorter than the head : tail somewhat wedged, the three exterior feathers pure white: all the upper parts of the bird of a clear brown-ash, with a dusky-brown stripe on the shafts : the breast and fore part of the neck of a reddish-ash : the throat and all the under parts of the body, with the three lateral tail-feathers, and its lateral coverts, pure white: the intermediate coverts dusky: the four inner tail feathers brown-grey : the beak and feet are brown. ‘This is said to be the winter plumage; that of the summer is as follows. All the feathers of the upper parts are of a deep black in the middle, edged with a band of rufous: the fore- head, fore part of the neck, and breast, are of an ash-red, with very small longitudinal black stripes : the throat and under parts are pure white: the four inner tail-feathers are dusky-brown. ‘The young differ in having the whole of the upper parts of a greyish- black, with the nape palest ; all the feathers, except those of the nape, bordered with a narrow yellowish band; the scapulars have also a slight black band to- wards their tips: the breast and neck are ash, slightly tinged with rufous: the throat, eyebrows, and under parts are pure white: the feet are dusky green. This species inhabits the Arctic regions, where it is supposed to breed : it feeds on small insects. May not this be the same as the preceding ? 105 MINUTE DUNLIN. (Pelidna minuta.) PE. caudd cinered subcuneatd, tectricibus caude inferioribus rec- tricibus mediis equalibus, rostro recto capite breviore. Dunlin with a cinereous slightly-wedged tail, its under-coverts equal in length to the tail-feathers, the beak straight and shorter than the head. Tringa minuta. Leisler. Temm. man. d’Orn. 403. Bécasseau échasses. Temm. man. d'’Orn. 403. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 624. . Tuis species is five inches and a half in length: it has the beak straight, and shorter than the head: all the upper parts of the body are ash-coloured, with a dusky-brown spot on their shafts: the sides of the breast are reddish-ash : there is a brown dash between the eye and the beak: the middle of the breast, the throat, eyebrows, fore part of the neck, and all the under parts and lateral under tail-coverts pure white : the tail-feathers bright ash, with the exception of the two middle ones, which are brown: the beak and legs black. Its summer plumage differs, having the top of the head black with rufous stripes: the sides of the neck and of the breast bright reddish, spread with small angulated brown spots: the eyebrows, throat, breast, and all the under parts pure white : the back and scapulars dusky, the feathers termi- nated with bright red, and bordered with large spots of the latter colour: the lateral feathers of the upper tail-coverts white with distinct spots: wing-coverts 106 ST. DOMINGO DUNLIN. of a brown-ash, edged with bright ash; the shafts dusky: the two middle tail-feathers dusky-brown. The young have the feathers on the top of the head dusky, edged with deep red : the forehead, eyebrows, throat, fore part of the neck, the middle of the breast, and the rest of the under parts pure white: a brown stripe between the eye and the beak : the sides of the breast reddish with brown dashes: the feathers of the back, the scapulars and wing-coverts deep black ; those of the top of the back edged with a broad red border, and of the scapulars with a broad yellowish- white border, and those of the wing-coverts with a narrow band of reddish-yellow: the two middle tail- feathers dusky, edged with red. Inhabits the northern regions, where it most pro- bably breeds; frequenting the borders of rivers in Germany, &c. during its migration : its food consists of small worms and aquatic insects. ST. DOMINGO DUNLIN. (Pelidna Dominicensis. ) Pe. rostro pedibusque fuscis, corpore subtus rufescente, rectricibus extimts scapo albo, uropygio variegato. Dunlin with the beak and legs brown, the body beneath reddish, the outer tail-feathers with a white shaft, the rump variegated. Tringa pusilla. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 252. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 681. La petite Alouette de mer. Briss. Orn. 5. 222. Little Sandpiper, var. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 184. SEMIPALMATED DUNLIN. 107 Tus species is a native of St. Domingo, and is about the size of a sparrow: it is variegated with brown and ferruginous, and the under part of its plumage is reddish-white. Its three outer tail-fea- thers have white shafts, and its rump is variegated. SEMIPALMATED DUNLIN. (Pelidna? semipalmata.) PE.? corpore supra fusco, ferrugineo albogque varia, wropygio nigro lateralibus albis, tectricibus alarum nigricante scapis albis, su- perciluis albis. Dunlin with the body above brown, varied with rust-coloured white, the rump black, with white sides; the wing-coverts dusky with white shafts, the eyebrows white. Semipalmated Sandpiper. (Tringa semipalmata.) Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p. 131. pl. xiii. 4. Very similar to P. pusilla: its length is six inches: beak black, very slightly bent: crown and body above dusky brown, the plumage edged with ferruginous and tipt with white : tail and wings nearly of a length: sides of the rump white : rump and tail-coverts black : wing-coverts dusky black, shafted and banded with white, much in the manner of the Little Dunlin: over the eye is a line of white: lesser coverts tipt with white: legs and feet blackish-ash: the irides buff-coloured. Both sexes are alike, and vary much in size. 108 SEMIPALMATED DUNLIN. The toes are more webbed in this species than in others of this genus, otherwise it greatly resembles the bird mentioned above: it is very numerous on the shores of New Jersey; but retires to the south on the approach of cold weather. 109 MACHETES. RUFF. Generic Character. Rostrum teretiusculum, sub- || Beakrounded, rather slender, tenue, flexibile, feré rec- flexible, nearly straight, tum, supra sulcatum, apice suleated above, its tip leevigato, dilatato. smooth, dilated. Nares laterales in sulco site. || Nostrils lateral, placed in a groove. Pedes \ongiores tetradactyli, || Legs long, four-toed, the digiti exteriores basimem- || outer toes connected by a brana connexi; pollex apice membrane at the base; the solo insistens. hinder toe resting on its tip only. MACHETES. Cuv. TRINGA. Ray, Linn., Briss., Gmel., Lath., Temm. TOTANUS. Briss. PAVONCELLA. Leach. THERE is but one species of this genus, which is readily distinguished from the two preceding by having the external toes connected at their base by a membrane. It is also much larger than the birds of the two former genera. ‘The males are distinguished during the period of incubation by having a fine orna- mental crest. 110 FIGHTING RUFF. (Machetes pugnax.) Ma. caudd rotundatd rectricibus tribus lateralibus unicoloribus, duabus mediis radiatis. Ruff with the tail rounded, its three lateral feathers of one colour, the two middle ones radiated. Machetes pugnax. Cuv. Reg, Anim. 1. 490. Tringa pugnax,. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 408. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 631. SumMMER PLuMAGE.—Tringa pugnax. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 669. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.725. Briss. Orn. 5. 240. pl. 22. f. 1,2. Ratt, Syn. 107. A. 3. Le combattant, ou Paon de mer. Buff. Cis. 7. 521. pl. 29, 30. Buff: Pl. Enl, 305, 306. Ruff or Reeve. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.192. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 479. Will. Orn. 302. pl. 56. Albin. Brit. Birds, |. pl.72, 73. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 159. 1. Lewin. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 106. Wale. Syn. 2. 144. Don. Brit. Birds, pl.19. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 95. Pavoncella pugnax. Leach. Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 29. Younc.—Totanus cinereus. Briss. Orn. 5. 203. pl. 17. f. 2. Le Chevalier varié. Buff: Ois. 7.507. Buff. Pl. nl, 300. Shore Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 171. Winter Prumace.—Tringa variegata. Brun. Orn. Bor. No. 181. Vanieties.—Tringa equestris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 730. Le Chevalier commun. Buff: Ois. 7.511. Buff. Pl. Enl. 844. Tringa grenovicensis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.731. Greenwich Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 249. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 180. Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 154. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 108. Yellow-legged Sandpiper. Mont. Orn. Dict. App. A most variable species: in length about eleven inches and a half: in the summer the male has his LU. 26. Ps < S = SS al? FIGHTING RUFF, FEMALE. FIGHTING RUFF. 111 face naked, and covered with warts; his occiput adorned with long feathers, and his throat with a large frill composed of beautiful feathers: these feathers, and those on the occiput, are usually contrasted with the colours of the rest of the plumage, which is generally varied with red, ash-colour, black, brown, white, and yellow: the frill and occipital feathers are also subject to infinite variations of colour: the beak is orange-yellow: the warts on the face are yellow or reddish ; and the feathers of the frill vary in length according to the age of the bird. ‘The female is smaller, and is destitute of the long plumose feathers on the occiput and throat: the upper parts of the body are brown-ash, varied with several black fea- thers glistening with a steel lustre: the throat and breast the same, but brighter: the belly and vent white: the beak black: the legs yellowish or greenish. The autumnal and winter plumage is as follows: the face becomes clothed with feathers, end the male has those of the neck and throat short : the throat, fore part of the neck, belly, and the rest of the under parts of the body are pure white: the breast is reddish, spotted with brown: the plumage of the upper parts is most commonly brown, varied with black spots and edged with reddish: the longer wing-coverts, the quills, and the two middle tail-feathers are rayed with brown, black, and red: the beak is brownish: the legs are yellowish, tinged with greenish-brown or reddish: the irides are brown. The female at these periods is about one-third less, her plumage is more cinereous, and the fore part of the neck is rarely pure white: the beak is black, and the legs very dark. 112 FIGHTING RUFF. The young greatly resemble the females, but the colours on the fore part of the neck and on the breast are dull ashy-red : the feathers on the head, those of the back, the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts are dusky-black, bordered deeply with red and yel- lowish: the lesser wing-coverts are edged with red- dish-white: the throat, belly, and vent, are pure white: the beak is black: the legs are greenish. The male only of this pugnacious bird is called the Ruff; the female being denominated the Reeve. The most remarkable circumstances attending the history of this species is its quarrelsome disposition ; which is said to arise from the number of males greatly exceeding that of the females, as upon their arrival in this country in the spring the males each fix upon a small hillock or dry grassy spot in the marshes, about which he runs around till he has almost trodden the space bare; and the moment a female comes in sight, all the males within a certain distance com- mence a general battle, placing their beaks on the ground, spreading the feathers of the neck, and using the same action as a Cock; and their combats are described as being both desperate and of long con- tinuance; but at the end the female generally be- comes the prize of the victor. It is during these battles that the fowlers take the opportunity of seizing them, which they do in great numbers by means of clap-nets. An erroneous opinion prevails that the fattening of Ruffs, when in confinement, should take place in the dark, lest the admission of light should set them to fighting: the fact is, that every bird, even when kept in a room, takes its stand, as it FIGHTING RUFF. 118 would in the open air; and if another invades its circle a battle ensues. A whole roomful of them may be set into fierce contest by compelling them to shift their stations ; but, after the cause has subsided, they resume their circles and become pacific. In confine- ment they do not lose their pugnacious disposition ; and if a basin of bread and milk, or boiled wheat, is set before them, it is instantly contended for, and they would starve in the midst of plenty, if several dishes of food were not placed among them, at a distance from each other. Montagu observes of some that he kept in confinement, that the males paid no atten- tion to the Reeves, except to drive them from their food; and never attempted to dispute with any other species, but would feed out of the same dish with Land Rails and other birds confined with them, in perfect amity. These birds are highly esteemed as a most deli- cious dish, and are sought after with great eagerness by the fowlers who live by catching them: but before they are offered for sale they are generally put up to fatten for about a fortnight, and are, during that time, fed with boiled wheat, and bread and milk mixed with hemp-seed ; by this mode of treatment they speedily become very fat, and are often sold for a high price: they are dressed after the same manner as the Woodcock. They are birds of passage ; and arrive in the fens of Lincolnshire, the Isle of Ely, and the East Riding of Yorkshire, in the spring, in great numbers; and about the beginning of May the female forms her nest on a clump, in the most swampy parts of the V. XII. P. I. 8 114 FIGHTING RUFF. marshes, of a coarse grass; she lays four eggs, greatly resembling those of the Snipe and Redshank; they are greenish-white, marked with rusty spots. After the young are produced, and the autumn arrives, both sexes leave this country, and are supposed to retire southward. During the summer season they are common in the fens of Denmark, Sweden, and Russia, and are also found in other more northern regions, even as far as Iceland; and are nowhere so abundant as in the extensive marshes of Holland. They feed on worms and aquatic insects. TRINGA. TRINGA. Generic Character. Rostrum teretiusculum, lon- || Beak rounded, the length of gitudine capitis. the head. Nares parvee. Nostrils small. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi: di- || Legs four-toed, cleft; the gito postico a terra fre- hinder toe often elevated quentius elevato. from the ground. TRINGA. Lath., Gmel. JRATHER. than omit the numerous species of Tringa which are described in the works of Latham and Gmelin, without any indication of the peculiar forms or proportions of their beaks and feet, or of their general habits, I shall proceed to give their accounts of such birds, and retain the above generic name for them, in order to prevent confusion, and to enable future ornithologists to ascertain the re- spective individuals, and arrange them under their proper genera. 116 WHITE-WINGED TRINGA. (Tringa leucoptera.) Tr. fusca, corpore subtus superciliis uropygioque rufis, cauda rufo maculata, humeris albis. Brown Tringa, with the body beneath, the eyelids, and rump, red, the tail spotted with red, the shoulders white. Tringa leucoptera. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1,678. Lath. Ind. Orn. AT fo White-winged Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 172. pl. 82. « Tris bird,” says Latham, “ is a trifle bigger than the Purre: length eight inches and a half: beak one inch, cinereous: irides dusky brown: over the eye a pale streak: the head, hind part of the neck, back, and wings, are brownish-black : lesser wing-coverts dusky black : from the bend of the wing an oblique streak passes over the wing-coverts ; the greater ones mixed ferruginous and black: quills black, and reach almost to the end of the tail: the throat, breast, belly, and rump are rufous: vent dirty yellow: the two middle tail-feathers deep brownish- black ; the others barred black and rufous; the outer feathers ashy on the exterior webs: legs dusky green. This inhabits Otaheite, near the rivers, and is called Torowée: also met with at Eimeo, or York Isle, and and is there called Te-te.”’ ‘« This bird varies. In one specimen which came under my view, the crown of the head was dusky: the line over the eye ferruginous; and a tinge of the same was visible throughout the whole of the NEW YORK TRINGA. 117 plumage: beak and legs yellowish. In another va- riety (figured by Dr. Latham) all the lesser wing- coverts were white: four of the middle tail-feathers plain; the others barred as usual: but all had the streak over the eye.” NEW YORK TRINGA. (Tringa noveboracensis.) TR. nigricans, pennis margine albidis, subtus alba, tectricibus caude albo nigroque fasciatis, caudé cinerea. Dusky Tringa with the edges of the feathers whitish ; beneath white, the tail-coverts fasciated with white and black, the tail ash-coloured. Tringa noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 673. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 735. New York Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 387. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 180. Tue prevailing colour of this obscure species is dusky-brown : the back is dusky, the feathers edged with cinereous: the lesser wing-coverts are also of that colour, but edged with white; the secondaries the same as the back : the under side of the neck and body are white: the breast is spotted, and the sides streaked with brown : the tail-coverts are barred with black and white: the tail itself is cmereous. In- habits new York: is probably a young bird. 118 STREAKED TRINGA. (Tringa virgata.) Tr. fusca albo marginata, subtus alba, scapularibus maculis fer- rugineis, capite colloque albis fusco longitudinaliter striatis. Brown Tringa margined with white, beneath white, the sca- pulars spotted with ferruginous, the head and neck white lon- gitudinally striped with brown. Tringa virgata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.671. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.735. Streaked Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 180. | Tue Streaked Tringa is about the size of the Common Snipe: its beak is dusky, about an inch and a quarter long: its head and neck are white, longitudinally streaked with dusky : the back is dusky, the feathers edged with white: the scapulars are dusky, edged and varied with rust-colour : the wing- coverts are cinereous : the quills are dusky : the lower part of the back and tail are dusky cinereous: the upper tail-coverts and all the under parts of the body are white: the sides are spotted with dusky: legs dusky. Inhabits Sandwich Sound. BOREAL TRINGA. (Tringa borealis.) Tr. cinerea, collo lateribus pectoreque pallidiore undulatis, super- ciliis guld tectricibus caude corporeque subtus albis NEWFOUNDLAND TRINGA. 119 Ash-coloured Tringa, with the sides of the neck and the breast undulated with paler, the eye-brows, throat, tail-coverts, and body beneath, white, Tringa borealis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.674. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. G30. Boreal Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 181. Native of King George’s Land: ‘ Beak short, stout, and a little swelling at the point ; colour dusky brown, with a black tip: the upper part of the plumage cinereous, mottled on the sides of the neck with a paler colour, which comes forward on the breast: over the eye a streak of white: chin, and under parts of the body, and upper tail-coverts white: quills and tail dusky: legs deep brown.”’—(Dr. La- tham.) NEWFOUNDLAND TRINGA. (Tringa Nove Terre.) Tr. nigricans fusco marginata subtus cinereo-alba, pedibus remi- gibus caudaque nigris. Dusky Tringa, edged with brown, beneath ashy-white, with the legs, quills, and tail black. Tringa Nove Terre. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1.674. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.735. Newfoundland Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 181. Descrisep by Latham from the drawings of: the late Sir Joseph Banks. ‘‘ Beak black: upper part of the neck and body dusky black, the feathers edged with ferruginous: beneath cinereous white : 120 VARIEGATED TRINGA. bastard wing, quills, and tail black: legs cinereous. Inhabits Newfoundland.” VARIEGATED TRINGA. (Tringa variegata.) TR. rostro pedibusque nigris, corpore supra fusco nigro rufoque variegato subtus albo, pectore nigro maculato, caudé fusca. Tringa with the beak and legs black, with the body above varie- gated with brown, black, and red; beneath white, the breast spotted with red, the tail brown. Tringa variegata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.674. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 735. Variegated Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 181. ANOTHER bird described by Latham, from a spe- cimen in the Leverian Museum. ‘‘ Beak one inch and a half long, and dusky: upper parts of the head, neck, and body, variegated with brown, black, and rufous: forehead and throat paler: fore part of the neck and breast dirty white, longitudinally streaked with black ; across the breast a dusky-mot- tled bar: sides of the body much the same: middle of the belly and thighs white : tail short, brown: the inner coverts white on the inner webs: legs dusky.” 121 FASCIATED TRINGA. (Tringa fasciata.) TR. rostro vertice accipite tenia pone oculos abdomineque nigris, Sronte caudaque rotundata albis. Tringa with the beak, crown, occiput, stripe through the eyes and abdomen black, the forehead and rounded tail white. Tringa fasciata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.671. Lath. Ind. Orn.2.738. Fasciated Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. 2. 312. Tue fasciated Tringa inhabits Astrakan : the beak, crown, hind head, a streak through the eyes and the belly, are black: the forehead is white, as is the tail also, and the latter is rounded. KEPTUSCHCA TRINGA. (Tringa Keptuschca.) TR. corpore cinereo, vertice nigro, abdomine nigricante ad exitum rufescente, Tringa with the body ash-coloured, the crown black, the abdomen dusky with the extremity reddish. Tringa Keptuschea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.673. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 738. Siberian Sandpiper. Lath. Syn. Sup, 2. 312. Founp in the marshes of Siberia. Its body is ash- coloured, crown black, belly dusky on the upper part, and rufous towards the vent. 122 QUEBEC TRINGA. (Tringa Canadensis.) TR. cinereo-obscura, jugulo cinerascente, abdomine albo lateribus maculato, pedibus flavis. Obscure-ashy Tringa, with the jugulum ashy, the abdomen white, its sides spotted, the legs yellow. Tringa Canadensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixv. Quebec Sandpiper. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2. 313. Descrizep by Dr. Latham froma specimen brought from Quebec by General Davies: “ Size of the Song Thrush : length nine inches: beak nearly one inch and a half long, and slender; the base reddish, the rest of its length black: general colour of the plu- mage dusky-plumbeous ash-colour: the feathers on the back margined with ash-colour; of the wing- coverts and breast with greyish-white: the three first quills dusky, with white shafts ; three of the inner ones just ‘fringed with white at the tips; the two or three next white, marked with ash-colour on the outer web; then follow two or three almost wholly white ; the rest plain dusky: the four middle tail- feathers dusky, the others pale-ash, fringed at the edges and tips with white: between the beak and eye, and the chin, dusky white, mottled : fore part of the neck plain ash-colour: belly white; sides of it, close to the wings, marked with a few dusky spots: the thighs are (contrary to the usual nature of the genus) covered with feathers quite to the knees, and BROWN-EARED TRINGA. 125 even below the jomt : legs short, and of a pale yellow colours 2 Hey BROWN-EARED TRINGA. (Tringa aurita.) Tr. ferrugineo-cinerea lineis transversis albidis, subtus nebulosa pallida, supercilits albis, macula aurium fusca. Rusty ash-coloured Tringa with transverse whitish lines, beneath with pale clouds, the eyebrows white, with a brown spot on the ear's. Tringa aurita. Lath. Ind, Orn. Sup. lxvi. Brown-eared Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 314. Native of New South Wales: its beak is as long as its head, and dusky : the upper parts of its plumage are rusty-ash colour, crossed with numerous whitish lines on the back and wings: the feathers on the outer ridge of the wing all edged with white: over the eye a white streak : on the ears a patch of brown, which passes indistinctly through the eyes: all the under parts of the body pale and mottled: quills and tail dusky : legs dusky-white. 124 TOTANUS. SANDPIPER. Generic Character. Rostrum _subtenue, aut |] Beak rather slender, long, longum aut mediocre, te- or medial, rounded, some- retiusculum, interdum times a little recurved to- versus apicem paulo re- wards the tip, sulcated curvum, supra suleatum: |} above: the upper mandible mandibula superiore apice | smooth at its tip and in- laevigata et incurva; in- curved; the lower ascend- feriore apice ascendens. ing at its tip. Nares parvee lineares, la- |} Nostrils small, linear, lateral, terales, in sulco site. placed in a groove. Pedes longi, tetradactyli; di- || Legs long, four-toed; the gitt antici aut exteriores anterior toes, or the outer soli basi membrana con- ones only, connected by a nexl; pollex apice solo in- membrane at the base; the sistens. hinder toe resting on its tip alone. TOTANUS. Ray, Briss., Temm. SCOLOPAX. Linn., Gmel., Lath. TRINGA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Leach. LIMOSA. Briss. THE Sandpipers fly in small flocks, and inhabit the sea-coasts, or those of lakes and rivers, as well as damp meadows: they subsist on insects, worms, and BARTRAM’S SANDPIPER. 125 mollusca, and occasionally upon small fish and their fry : they moult spring and autumn, and their winter plumage differs but slightly from that of summer. The beak is stronger than that of the Godwits, Woodcocks, and Snipes, which enables the birds to find their sustenance on the earth, amongst stones, &c. Two or three sectional divisions are required among the birds constituting the present genus; but as I have been unable to examine each species, I have not at- tempted to divide them, except in separating the last, which may probably be found at a future period to form a new genus. A. Digitis basi vix palmaitis. A. The toes scarcely palmated at their base. BARTRAM’S. SANDPIPER. (Totanus Bartramia.) To. fusco-nigricans, flavo maculata, genis, collo pectoreque fla- vescentibus nigro lineatis, ventre, crisso femoribusque albis, cauda elongata, rectricibus lateralibus isabellinis nigro fasciatis. Blackish-brown Sandpiper spotted with yellow, the cheeks, neck, and breast yellowish, striped with black, the belly, vent, and thighs white, the tail elongated, its outer feathers isabella colour striped with black. Tringa longicauda, Becks. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit, ii. 651. Totanus Bartramia. Temm. /. c. Bartram’s Sandpiper. (Tringa Bartramia.) Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vil. 63, pl. 59. f. 2. Chevalier 4 longue queue. TJemm, 1, c. < & xX 1 S SA} “ite 126 BARTRAM’ NDPIPER Lenetu about ten inches: beak short, one inch and a half in length, and yellowish brown: irides clear brown : the top of the head and of the back are blackish-brown ; all of the feathers edged with yel- lowish: the cheeks, neck, and breast are yellowish, longitudinally striped with fine black lines: the sides are transversely rayed with black zigzags: the belly, thighs, and abdomen are white : the under tail-coverts are clear unspotted reddish-white: the scapulars and wing-coverts are reddish-yellow, with each feather tinged with brown in the centre, and transversely rayed with fine black bands: the lateral tail-feathers are deep isabella colour, diagonally and distantly striped with black bands: the four middle feathers are brown, diagonally striped with closer bands: the legs are flesh colour. The young have the upper parts, except the back, marked with large brown spots: on the fore part of the neck, on the breast, and on the sides, are several lance-shaped spots of the same colour: the zigzag bands on the tail are less distinct than in the old. This species inhabits North America: it makes its appearance on the banks of the Schuylkill in August and September, and runs about amongst the grass in search of beetles. During its migration it has been known to visit Germany and Holland, according to Temminck. These birds are extremely watchful, silent, and shy, and of difficult approach: they run with great celerity: they are said to be most exquisite food, being extremely delicate and tender. GREEN SANDPIP!1 _ y 4J Re LORE. GREEN SANDPIPER. (Totanus ochropus.) To. dorso fusco-viridi, abdomine rectricibusque extimis albis, pe- dibus virescentibus. Sandpiper with the back of a brown-green, the belly and outer tail-feathers white, the legs greenish. Totanus ochropus. Temm.man.d’Orn. 420. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 651. Tringa ochropus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.250. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 676. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.729. : Tringa Aldrovandi. Razt Syn. 108. A. 7. 8. Briss. Orn. 5. 1G7 5 pea Ge gat: Le Bécasseau, ou cul blanc. Buff. Ois. 7.534. Buff. Pl. Enl. -- Young. ; Green Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.201. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.389. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 170. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 170. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 100. Wood Sandpiper. Linn. Trans. 1. 130. f. 2. Un ie its congeners, this species differs but little in its summer and winter dresses; the variations be- tween the two consisting of a greater number of small dots on the upper parts of the plumage, and the spots on the fore part of the neck bemg more distinct in the summer season. ‘The total length of the bird is about eight inches and a half: its irides are deep brown: all the upper parts of the plumage are brown, slightly shaded with olive and with green reflections: the feathers of the back, the scapulars, and the wing-coverts are prettily edged with very small white dots: between the beak and the eye is a band of white and another of brown: the upper tail- 128 GREEN SANDPIPER. coverts and all the under parts are pure white, except the fore part of the neck, which is varied with small brown dots: the tail is pure white, with its two middle feathers marked with three or four broad black bands, and those next to them decreasing in the number of bars towards the outside feathers, which are quite plain: the beak is black, with its base greenish: the legs are ashy-green. ‘The young have all the upper parts of a brighter and more cinereous tinge : the feathers are edged with a narrow reddish band, and are sprinkled with very small yel- lowish dots: the white at the base of the tail is nar- rower, and the black bars on the tail itself are broader than in the old birds. This species delights in the borders of fresh lakes and pools of water in preference to the sea-coasts : it is a solitary bird, seldom more than a pair being seen together, and that only in the breeding season : it arrives in England about the middle of September, and departs at the end of April to breed, which it is said to do in the central countries of Europe, forming its nest of grasses, &c. at the borders of the water, and laying four or five eggs, which are greenish-white spotted with brown. It inhabits the greater portion of Europe, as far as Iceland, and has also been ob- served in Siberia. SOLITARY SANDPIPER. (Totanus solitarius.) To. corpore supra fusco albo punctato, pectore albo olivaceo-fusco maculato, pedibus virescentibus, rectricibus duabus intermediis olivaceis. Sandpiper with the body above brown spotted with white, the breast white spotted with olive-brown, the legs greenish, the two middle tail-feathers olive. Solitary Sandpiper. (Tringa solitaria.) Wils. Amer. Orn. ». vii. p. 53. pl. lviii. f. 3. Tue Solitary Sandpiper is eight inches and a half long, and fifteen inches in extent: the beak is one inch and a quarter in length, and dusky: line over the eye, chin, belly, and vent, pure white : breast white, spotted with pale olive-brown : crown and neck above dark olive streaked with white: back, scapulars, and rump dark brown-olive, each feather marked along the edges with small round spots of white: wings plain, and of a darker tint: under tail-coverts spotted with black: tail slightly rounded, the five exterior fea- thers on each side white, broadly barred with black ; the two middle ones, as well as their coverts, plain olive: legs long, slender, and of a dusky green. Both sexes similar in colour. The above is Wilson’s description of this pretty species, of whose habits he gives the following ac- count. It inhabits the highest mountains during the summer, from Kentucky to New York; but is no- where numerous, seldom more than two or three Meek bls oP erks 9 130 WOOD SANDPIPER. being seen together. It takes short, low flights; runs nimbly about among the mossy margins of the moun- tain springs, brooks, and pools, occasionally stopping, looking at you, and perpetually nodding its head: it is so unsuspicious, and so little acquainted with man, as to permit one to approach within a few yards of it without appearing to take any notice, or to be the least alarmed. At the approach of cold weather it descends to the muddy shores of the large rivers, where it is occasionally met with, singly, on its way to the south. It breeds on Pocano mountain, in Pennsylvania, arriving there early in May, and depart- ing in September. It is usually silent, unless when suddenly flushed, when it utters a sharp whistle. This species is greatly allied to the preceding, and differs from the following chiefly m having the two middle tail-feathers brown, like the back; whereas in the Wood Sandpiper they are rayed with alternate bands of brown and white. WOOD SANDPIPER. (Totanus glareola.) To. corpore fusco albo punctato, pectore albido, pedibus virescen- tibus, rectricibus duabus intermediis fusco alboque transversim fasciatis. Sandpiper with the body brown spotted with white, the breast whitish, the legs greenish, the two middle tail-feathers trans- versely fasciated with brown and white. WOOD SANDPIPER. 131 Totanus glareola. Temm. man. d’Orn. 422. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 654. Tringa glareola. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.250. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 677. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 730. Wood Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.482. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 172. Burt little is known of this scarce bird, as to the periodical changes of its plumage: during the spring it has a narrow stripe of brown between the beak and the eye: the top of the head and the nape are lon- gitudinally striped with brown and whitish : the sides of the head, the fore part of the neck, the breast, and the flanks, are whitish-ash longitudinally rayed with brown: the eyebrows, the throat, and the middle of the belly are pure white: the vent and tail-coverts are also white, finely striped with brown in the di- rection of the shafts: the back and scapulars are dusky, with large white and brown spots, placed on the edges of the webs: the wing-coverts are ashy- brown, with triangular cimereous-white spots on the edges of the feathers: the tail-feathers are barred alternately with brown and white, the two or three lateral ones having their inner webs wholly white : the beak is black, with its base greenish: the legs are greenish. Its length is seven inches and a half. Native of the north-eastern parts of Europe, among the marshy woods of Germany, Sweden, Poland, &c. : never in Holland or England. It breeds in the arctic regions, and is said to lay four eggs of a yellowish- green spotted with brown. BARRED-TAILED SANDPIPER. (Totanus affinis.) To. supra perfuscus plumis pallidiore marginatis, remigibus pri- moribus perfuscis, secundariis intensiore albenteque fasciatis, subtus cauddque albis, hac fusco. fasciata. Sandpiper above brownish, with the edges of the feathers paler, the primary quills brownish, the secondaries deeper and barred. with whitish, beneath and tail white, the last fasciated with brown. Totanus afinis. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 191. Lenetu ten inches: greatly allied to the Totanus Glareola ; it differs principally in the marks of the secondary quill-feathers, and in the lower continua- tion of the covering of the tibie—(Dr. H.) Inhabits Java. DUSKY SANDPIPER. (Totanus fuscus.) To. uropygio albo, tectricibus caude superioribus albo nigroque radiatis, mandibula inferiore rostri rufo. Sandpiper with a white rump, the upper tail-coverts radiated with black and white, the lower mandible of the beak red. Totanus fuscus. Lezsler. Temm. man. d’Orn. 412. Le Chevalier noir. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 493. Le Chevalier arlequin. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 639. Summer Ptumace.—Totanus fuscus. Becks. Temm. 1. c. DUSKY SANDPIPER. 133 Scolopax fusca. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.243. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.657. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 724. Limosa fusea. Briss. Orn. 5. 276. pl. 23.7. 4. La Barge brune. Buff: Ois. 7.508. Buff. Pl. Enl. 875. Dusky Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 155. Winter Piumace.—Scolopax curonica. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 669. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 724, Scolopax Cantabrigiensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 668. Lath. Ind. Orn, 22721. Cambridge Godwit. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.185. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 146. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4. pl. 36. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 84 Youne.—Scolopax Totanus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 665. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 721. Totanus alter. Razz, Syn. 106. Barker. Albin. Birds, 2. pl. 71. Spotted Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 148. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4 pl. 164. Mont. Orn. Dict, 2. and Sup. with fig. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 88. Spotted Redshank. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 186. VarietTy.—Tringa atra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.673. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 738. As usual in this family of birds, this species has received various appellations, according to the state of its plumage at different periods of the year : during the summer it has all the upper parts of the body and its forehead dusky ; the feathers on its back, on the wing-coverts, and scapulars, are marked on the edges of their webs with small white spots, and tipped with a cross of the same colour: the under parts are greyish-ash, with the feathers of the breast and belly tipped with a white cross: the lower belly and tail- coverts are transversely striped with cinereous-black and white : the tail-feathers are ashy-black, with small white dashes on the margins of the webs, reaching to 134 DUSKY SANDPIPER. the shafts: the base of the under mandible of the beak is red, the tip black: the legs are brown, slightly tinged with reddish. In the winter the top of the head, the nape, the back, the scapulars, and the wing- coverts, are greyish-ash colour, with the shafts of the feathers dusky : a stripe from the upper mandible to the eye, the throat, the breast, the belly, vent, and rump, are pure white: the sides are greyish-white : between the mouth and the eye is a dusky band: the cheeks, the sides, and fore part of the neck are clouded with ash-colour and white: the upper tail- coverts and the tail itself are rayed transversely with dusky-brown and white : the beak is black, with its under mandible red at its base : its legs are bright red. The young differ in having the upper parts of the plumage of an olive-brown tint: the feathers of the back are edged with a small white streak: and the wing-coverts and the scapulars have several small triangular white spots on the edges of their webs: all the under parts of the body are white varied with numerous zigzag stripes and indistinct spots of ashy- brown: the legs are reddish-orange. During the periods of moulting, the colours of the plumage become more confused as the new feathers are developed, and the old ones thrown off. Inhabits the north of Europe and America, breed- ing in the regions of the Arctic Circle: it has oe- curred but seldom in England, few specimens only being on record: Montagu mentions two indivi- duals having been shot in Devonshire, and Bewick two in the north. ‘The Cambridge Godwit of Pen- nant was shot in the county of that name, and it is RED-LEGGED SANDPIPER. 135 the winter plumage of this species. It is stated by Temminck that this bird principally subsists on mol- lusca, rarely on insects or worms. RED-LEGGED SANDPIPER. (Totanus calidris.) To. rostro basi rufo, remigibus secundarits albis, corpore cinereo, pedibus coccineis. Sandpiper with the base of its beak red, the secondary quills white, the body ash-coloured, the legs scarlet. Totanus calidris. (Beckstein.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 415. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 643. Le grande chevalier aux pieds rouges. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 493. Summer Prumace.—Scolopax calidris. Linn. Syst. Nat. \. 245. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.664. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 722. Tringa gambetta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 248. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.671. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 728. Scolopax Totanus. Faz, Syn. 107. A. Totanus nevius. Briss. Orn. 5. 200. pl. 18. f: 2. Chevalier aux pieds rouges ou la gambetta. Buff. Ovs. 7.513. Buff. Pl. Enl. 845. ~ Redshank, or Pool Snipe. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 184. pl. 65. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 377. Albin. Birds, 3. pl. 87. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.150. Gen. Syn. Sup.245. Lew. Brit. Birds, 4.165. Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 143. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 112. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 91. Red-legged Horseman. Albin. Birds, 2. pl. 68. Gambet Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 198. pl. 70. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 394. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 167. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 168. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 102. 136 RED-LEGGED SANDPIPER. Axout eleven inches in length: the beak is black at its tip and bright red at its base: the irides are brown: from the upper mandible of the beak to the eye is a white streak : the head, the nape, the top of the back, the scapulars, and wing-coverts, are ashy- brown tinged with olive, each feather having a lon- gitudinal black stripe; and those of the scapulars and greater wing-coverts having several very small transverse black rays: the rump is white: the sides of the head, the throat, and all the rest of the under parts of the plumage, are white; the centre of each feather bemg dusky brown: the tail-feathers are striped with white and black, and tipped with pure white ; the white on the four middle feathers being tinged with greyish: the legs are of a very bright vermilion colour. In the winter the head, the hind part of the neck, the top of the back, the scapulars, and the wing-coverts, are of a brown ash-colour, varied with a deeper tint in the direction of the shafts: the throat, the sides of the head, the fore part of the neck, and the breast, are greyish white, with a fine brown stripe on the shafts: the rump, belly, and vent, are pure white: the tail-feathers are transversely barred with white, and broad black zigzag stripes: the legs are pale red: the lower half of the beak red, the point black. The young have a white streak between the upper mandible and the eye: the space between the beak and the eye brown: the feathers on the top of the head are brown, delicately bordered with yellowish : the nape is ash-coloured : the back and scapulars are brown; all the feathers being laterally bordered with a RED-LEGGED SANDPIPER. 137 deep yellow band : the wing-coverts are dusky brown, edged and tipped with yellowish-white : the throat is whitish, varied with small brown dots: the sides of the neck are ash-coloured, with very straight longi- tudinal brown rays: the belly, sides, and vent are white ; the two latter and the tail-coverts are spotted with brown: the tip of the tail-feathers is reddish : the beak is livid at its base and brown at its tip: the legs are yellowish-orange. This species is found in various parts of Europe, and is tolerably plentiful im this country; residing the greatest part of the year in the fenny countries, where it breeds and rears its young: it makes a slight nest with coarse grass upon a tump in the moister parts or most boggy places, and begins to lay early in May: when disturbed it is very clamo- rous, making an incessant shrill piping note, and flying round its nest in a circular direction : its eggs are four in number, of a yellowish-green, spotted with brown, especially at the larger end. The Red- shank is of a solitary character, being mostly seen alone or in pairs only: it pines in confinement : it lives upon insects (but rarely touches the coleopterous ones) and worms. 138 BEWICK’S SANDPIPER. (Totanus Bewickii.) To, pedibus coccineis, corpore supra fusco griseo cinereoque vario, pectore albo cinnamomed variegato, abdomine crissoque albis, rectricibus patlide fuscis, mediis nigricante undatts. Sandpiper with scarlet legs, the body above varied with brown, grey, and ash-colour, the breast white, variegated with cinna- mon colour, the abdomen and vent white, the tail-feathers pale brown, the middle ones waved with dusky. Tringa Bewickii. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. App. Red-legged Sandpiper. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.113. with fig. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 163.? Tringa erythropus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 727. ? A HIGHLY elegant species, described and figured by Bewick in his ingenious work as above cited ; and there called the Red-legged Sandpiper, but from which it appears to differ. This description I shall transcribe. ‘* This bird,’”’ he says, ‘‘ measures from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail, ten inches : the beak is an inch and three eighths long, black at the tip, and reddish towards the base: the crown of the head is spotted with dark brown, disposed in streaks, and edged with pale brown and grey: a darkish patch covers the space between the corners of the mouth and the eyes: the chin is white: the brow and cheeks pale brown, prettily freckled with small dark spots: the himder part of the neck is composed of a mixture of pale brown, grey, and ash, with a few indistinct dusky spots; the fore part and the breast are white, clouded with a dull cinna- oe Py it a va! i! he pave Shae, AY ee PU.28. SSS = —— SS —— YN) = fof BEWICK’S SANDPIPER. BEWICK’S SANDPIPER. 139 mon colour, and sparingly and irregularly marked with black spots, reflecting a purple gloss: the shoulder and scapular-feathers are black, edged with pale rust colour; and have the same glossy reflec- tions as those on the breast: the tertials are nearly of the same length as the quills, and are marked like the first annexed figure (p. 115*) barred : the ridges of the wings are a brownish-ash colour ; the coverts, back, and rump are nearly the same, but inclining to olive, and the middle of each feather is of a deeper dusky brown: the primary quills are deep olive- brown: the exterior webs of the secondaries are also of that colour, but lighter, edged and tipped with white ; and the inner webs are mostly white towards the base: the tail-coverts are glossy black, edged with pale rust colour, and tipped with white; but in some of them a streak of white passes from the middle upwards, nearly the whole length, as in the second figure (p. 115*). The tail-feathers are lightish brown, except the two middle ones, which are barred with spots of a darker hue: the belly and vent are white : legs bare above the knees, and red as sealing- wax : claws black.” “The female is less than the male, and her plumage more dingy and indistinct: an egg taken out of her previous to stuffing, was surprisingly large, considering her bulk, being about the size of that of a magpie, of a greenish- ere colour, spotted and blotched with brown, of a long shape, and pointed at the smaller end. * Of Bewick. 140 MARSH SANDPIPER. “« The figure and description were taken from a pair, male and female, which were shot on Rippen- gale Fen, mm Lincolnshire, on the 14th May, 1795, by Major Charles Dilke, of the Warwickshire ca- valry. He says this bird is a constant mhabitant of the fens, and is known to sportsmen by its singular notes, which are very loud and melodious, and are heard even when the bird is beyond the reach of sight.” *« It is somewhat singular,”’ says Montagu, ‘‘ that a bird, apparently common, and indigenous to the fens, should so long have escaped notice, or at least discrimination, for it must undoubtedly have been confounded with the Redshank : indeed in many re- spects it seems to resemble the immatured bird of that species, but differs essentially in the feathers of the tail.”’ MARSH SANDPIPER. (Totanus stagnatilis.) To. rostro tenue debile, rectricibus lateralibus extimis longitudi- naliter fuscis undatim radiatis. Sandpiper with a slender weak beak, the outer tail-feathers lon- gitudinally waved and radiated with brown. Scolopax Totanus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 245. Le petit chevalier aux pieds verts. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 493. Le barge grise. Buff. Pl. Enl. 876. Totanus stagnatilis. (Beckstein.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 418. Chevalier stagnatile. Yemm. man. d’Orn. 418. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 647. MARSH SANDPIPER. 141 AxsourT nine inches in length: in the summer its beak is black: from the top of the beak to the eye is white: the throat, the fore part of the breast, the belly, and vent, are pure white: the space between the beak and the eye, the temples, the sides and fore part of the neck, the flanks, sides of the breast, and under tail-coverts, are also pure white, with a small longitudinal spot on each feather : the crown of the head and the nape are rayed longitudinally with black on a whitish-ash ground: the top of the back, the scapulars, and greater wing-coverts, are ash-co- lour, tinged with reddish, varied on each feather with transverse black bands, which are broadest to- wards their tips, and are disposed diagonally on the longer feathers of the shoulders : the two middle tail- feathers are ash-colour, rayed diagonally, and the rest are rayed on their outer webs in longitudinal zigzags: the legs are greenish. In the winter the beak is dusky ash-colour: the eyebrows, the face, the throat, the middle of the back, the fore part of the neck and the breast, and the rest of the under parts of the plumage are pure white: the nape is longitudinally rayed with brown and white: the top of the head and of the back, the scapulars, and the greater wing-coverts are bright ash-colour, edged with whitish: the smaller coverts and bend of the wing are dusky-ash : the sides of the neck and of the breast are white, with small brown spots: the tail is white, diagonally rayed with brown bands, except on the two outer feathers, marked with a longitudinal zigzag: the legs are olive-green: the irides are brown. The young differ from the adult in having 142 COMMON SANDPIPER. the feathers on the top of the head and of the back, the scapulars and wing-coverts, of a dusky-brown, edged with a broad yellowish margin ; the greater feathers, immediately impending the quills, have small diagonal rays of very deep brown : on the face and on the sides of the head are very small brown dots : the tips of the quills are whitish ; and the legs are ashy-green. Temminck, who has described this species as above, says that it inhabits the north of Europe, on the borders of the sea and rivers ; migrating along the eastern provinces as far as the Mediterranean ; but never in the direction of the coasts. It lives upon insects and worms, and is supposed to nidifi- cate in the Arctic regions. COMMON SANDPIPER. (Totanus hypoleucos.) To. corpore cinereo lituris fuscis, subtus albo, pedibus cinereis. Sandpiper with a cinereous body, with brown lines, beneath white ; the legs ash-colour. Totanus hypoleucos. Temm. man. d’Orn. 424. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 657. Tringa hypoleucos. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 250. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.678. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 734. Guinetta. Briss. Orn. 5. 183. pl. 16. f. 2. Tringa minor. aii, Syn. 108. A. 6. La Guignette. Buff. Ois. 7. 540. La petite Alouette de mer. Buff. Pl. Enl. 850. COMMON SANDPIPER. 143 Common Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 204. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 388. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 178. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 172. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 148. Mont. Orn. Dict.2. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 104. Tue plumage of this species does not appear to vary according to the season of the year, but to remain constant at all times: its length is about seven inches and a half: its beak is dusky, and irides brown: all the upper parts of the body are brown glossed with olivaceous, and marked with a blackish ray in the direction of the shafts : the feathers of the wings and of the back are transversely streaked with narrow zigzag dusky-black bands: over the eye is a whitish streak: the throat, breast, belly, and the rest of the under parts are pure white ; the sides of the neck and the breast being varied with longitu- dinal brown dashes: the four middle tail-feathers like the back, with five transverse dusky lines; the outer one on each side white with brown bars, and the intermediate ones varied with white on their margins: the legs are greenish-ash. The young have the throat and the fore part of the neck pure white, with the sides of the latter spotted with brown : the white line over the eyes is very broad : the wing- coverts are of a deeper colour than in the old: the feathers of the back are edged with red and dusky, and those of the coverts are tipped with red and black. An elegant little species, visitng England in the spring, and frequenting our lakes and rivers, on the borders of which it makes its nest, composed of moss and dry leaves, and generally placed in a hole on a 144 COMMON SANDPIPER. bank : its eggs, which are usually five in number, are of a reddish-green, varied with dusky and cine- reous spots, mostly at the larger end. Great num- bers breed on the banks of the lakes in Scotland. They are frequently seen in pairs during the sum- mer ; and are well known by their clear piping note which they make when disturbed, and when running on the ground their tail is constantly in motion. They depart from Britain in the autumn, at which time Montagu observes they are infested with insects*. It is found in most parts of Europe. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. (Totanus macularia. ) To. rostro basi pedibusque incarnatis, corpore undique maculato, supercilits fasciague gemina alarum albis. Sandpiper with the base of the beak and the legs flesh-colour, the body spotted above and below, the eyebrows and geminated stripe on the wings white. Totanus macularia. Temm.man.d’Orn. 422. Id.2 Edit. ii. 656. Tringa macularia. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.245. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.672. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.734. Wils. Amer. Orn. vy. vii. p. 60. pl. lix. f 1. Turdus aquaticus. Briss. Orn. 5. 255. La grive d'eau. Buff: Ois. 8. 140. Spotted Tringa. Edw. p. 277.f. 2. * Stenepteryx Hirundinis. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. SPOTTED SANDPIPER. 145 Spotted Sandpiper. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.179. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.196. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.385. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. 173. Wale. Syn. 2. pl. 149. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.111. Tuis rare species is sometimes found in England, and Bewick has given an excellent figure of it, ac- companied by the following description. ‘ Length eight inches: the beak is black at the tip, and fades into a reddish colour towards the base : a white streak is extended over each eye, and a brownish patch be- tween them and the beak: the whole upper part of the plumage is of a glossy lightish brown, with green reflections: the head and neck are marked with longish small dark spots: on the back, scapulars, and wing-coverts the spots are larger, and of a triangular shape: the rump is plain: the greater quills are dusky : secondaries tipped with white; as are also the greater and lesser coverts, which form two ob- lique white lines across the extended wings : the two middle feathers of the tail are greenish brown; the side ones white, crossed with dusky lines : the breast, belly, and vent are white, but in the female spotted with brown : legs of a dirty flesh-colour.” The specimen figured by Bewick, and from whose figure the accompanying plate is taken, was shot on the moors near Bellingham in Northumberland, in the month of August. The one noticed by Edwards was killed in Essex. Its native place appears to be the higher latitudes of North America, where it is supposed to breed: it has been observed on the coasts of the Baltic, and in various parts of Ger- V. XII, P. I. 10 146 PURPLE SANDPIPER. many ; but, according to Temminck, never in Hol- land. PURPLE SANDPIPER. (Totanus maritimus. ) To. griseo nigroque varius subtus albus, jugulo cauddque obscuris, rectricibus lateralibus quatuor albo marginatis. Sandpiper varied with black and grey, beneath white, the jugu- lum and tail obscure, the four lateral tail-feathers margined with white. Summer Puiumace, ?—Tringa maritima. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.678. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.731. Sabine. Linn. Trans. xii. 534. Tringa nigricans. Mont. Linn. Trans. 4. 40. pl. 2. Sea Sandpiper. Markwick. Linn. Trans. 4. 22. pl. 1. Selninger Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.480. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.173. Lath. Syn. Sup. 2. 312. Purple Sandpiper. Walc. Syn. 2.155. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. Tringa Lincolniensis. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 734.? Black Sandpiper. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.197.? Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup, 251. ? Bécasseau violet. Zemm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 619. Youna. ?—Tringa striata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.248. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.672. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 733. Totanus striatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 196. pl. 18. f. 1. Le Chevalier rayé. Buff. Ois. 7.516. Buff. Pl. Enl. 827. Le petit Chevalier aux pieds rouges. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.494. ? Striated Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool, 2. 383. Lath. Gen. Syn. B76: Monracu describes this species in the following words. ‘* Length eight inches and a half: the beak is slender, an inch and a quarter long, tapering ~ PURPLE SANDPIPER. 147 towards the point, a very little curved, and of a dull red colour, except at the apex and sides, which are dusky : irides hazel : the head and neck dusky black : eyelids whitish : the throat white : back and scapulars black, glossed with purple and edged with ash-colour : the wing-coverts black, tipped with white : the larger ones above the primaries deeply so: quills black, slightly edged with white on the exterior webs, except those of the secondaries, which are almost wholly white ; these, with the white tipped coverts, form a slight oblique bar on the wing when extended: the shafts white : breast and all beneath white, prettily spotted with black, except the middle of the belly and vent: the rump, coverts of the tail, and four middle tail-feathers black, glossed like the back : the other tail-feathers light cinereous ; in all twelve: the legs and toes dull red ; claws black and blunt.” «« This bird was killed at Laugharne on the coast of Caermarthenshire in January.”’ It has also occurred on the coasts of Sussex, Kent, and Somersetshire ; and all the specimens were ob- tained in the winter season. The Selninger Sandpiper of Latham appears to be the summer dress of this species, and the Striated Sandpiper the young, or perhaps winter plumage. 148 LONG-LEGGED SANDPIPER. (Totanus grallatoris. ) To. pedibus longioribus olivaceo-viridibus, corpore fusco-cinereo, subtus, uropygio, tectricibusque caud@e superioribus albis. Sandpiper with long legs of an olive-green colour, the body ashy- brown, beneath, rump and upper tail-feathers white. Tringa grallatoris. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. App. Wood Sandpiper. Mont. Orn. Dict, 2. and Sup. with fig. Long-legged Sandpiper. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. App. REMARKABLE for the great length of its legs ; and is thus fully described by Montagu. ‘‘ Length nine inches: beak not quite an inch and a quarter long, the base half dusky green, the other black, slender, a trifle bending downwards at the point, upper man- dible rather the largest, tapering to a blunt point: irides dusky. From the beak to the eye a dusky streak, above which, on each side, is white passing over the eye: the middle of the forehead and crown dusky black, streaked with dirty white: coverts of the ears dusky : chin and throat white : neck dusky, closely and finely streaked with dirty white ; which gives it a cinereous hue, fore part lightest : breast, belly, sides, vent, and under tail-coverts spotless white: the feathers on the back dusky black, with a purplish gloss, marked with a dull yellowish spot on each side of the webs near the tip: scapulars the same, with several spots on the margins : the coverts and tertials of the wings the same, but without the LONG-LEGGED SANDPIPER. 149 purplish gloss, and the spots inclining more to white on the coverts: the smaller coverts on the ridge of the wing plain dusky black: primary and secondary quills, and first row of greater coverts immediately impending them black, slightly tipped with white, except three or four of the first feathers: the shaft of the first quill is white: upper part of the rump black, with a few streaks of white ; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white: those next the tail spotted with black : the tail consists of twelve feathers, the middlemost rather the largest ; these are barred with black and white alternately, a little oblique : on the outer webs are eight black bars, on the mner webs six; the next feather has six bars on the outer and four on the inner web ; the third has five and three bars in the same manner; the fourth has five and one ; the fifth and outer feathers are only spotted on the margin of the outer web, with one spot on the mner web of the former ; the latter is plain white on the interior web; the black bars on the middle feathers do not exactly correspond: those on the inner webs rise higher at the shaft, and often run into the superior bar on the outer web : the legs are of an olive-green, long and slender, measuring three inches from the knee to the end of the middle toe, and bare of feathers one inch above the knee.” This bird, which was first noticed by that active and zealous British naturalist Montagu, and described as above mentioned by him, was shot on the coast of South Devon in August; and upon dissection proved to be a male. In the second volume of his Orni- thological Dictionary, he describes it as the Wood 150 SOUTHERN SANDPIPER. Sandpiper, making, however, some apt remarks as to the possibility of future observations proving it to be a distinct species from that, chiefly on account of the superior length of its legs. In his Appendix to the Supplement of the same work, he has established its rank as a distinct species, as shown by the above quoted synonyms; and he there mentions the exist- ence of two other specimens, one shot in Yorkshire, in the month of January (in Mr. Foljamb’s collection), and the other at Woolwich in August 1812: the latter differed but slightly from the first described. SOUTHERN SANDPIPER. (Totanus australis.) To. corpore scolopacino, cervice nebulosa, genis colloque albidis, lateribus corporis maculis lunatis fuscis. Sandpiper with the body nearly resembling that of the Woodcock, the top of the neck clouded, the cheeks and neck whitish, the sides of the body lunated with brown. Scolopax australis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixv. New Holland Snipe. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 310. From Latham. “ Beak straight, large at the base, the upper mandible dilating a little at the point, and twice the length of the head: colour of the plumage above brown, mottled somewhat in the manner of a Woodcock : sides of the head and the WHITE ‘SANDPIPER. g bess | neck dusky-white: back of the neck marked with brown streaks, and clouds of the same: on the sides next the wings a few clouded crescents: beak and legs pale yellow: irides blue. Inhabits New South Wales.” WHITE SANDPIPER. (Totanus candidus,) To. rostro pedibusque aurantiis, corpore albicante rectricibus can- didis griseo fasciatis. Sandpiper with the beak and legs gold colour, the body whitish, the tail-feathers white fasciated with grey. Scolopax candida. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 668. Lath, Ind. Orn. 2/22. Totanus candidus. Briss. Orn. 5. 207. Le Chevalier blanc. Buff. Ovs. 7. 519. White Redshank. Edw. pl. 139. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 151. Leneru eleven inches: beak nearly two inches long, orange-coloured, with its tip black : the upper part of the head, the neck, back, scapulars, lesser wing and upper tail-coverts are white, varied with transverse rufous grey streaks: the greater wing- coverts are dirty white: the primary quills are grey, the secondaries and tail white, transversely spotted with reddish grey: the fore part of the head, the throat, all the under parts of the body, the vent and rump are pure white : legs orange. Native of Hud- son’s Bay. YELLOW-SHANKED SANDPIPER. (Totanus flavipes. ) To. albidus nigro maculatus, alts fuscis, collo subtus pectoreque albo nigrogue maculatis, abdomine tectricibusque caude albis, rectri- cibus albis fasctis fuscis. Whitish Sandpiper spotted with biack, the wings brown, the neck beneath and breast spotted with black and white, the belly and tail-coverts white, the tail-feathers white, barred with brown. Totanus flavipes. Sabine. Frank. Journ, App. p. 188. Scolopax flavipes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 659. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.723. Yellow-shank Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 378. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.152. Wils. Amer. Orn. ». vii. p. 55. pl. li. f. 4. Lencrtu eleven inches: its beak is black : its head, neck behind, back, and greater wing-coverts are dirty white, spotted with black; the lesser coverts are plain brown : its primaries are dusky : its breast and fore part of its neck are spotted black and white: its belly and tail-coverts are white: its tail is barred with brown and white: its legs are yellow. The summer dress of this bird is thus described by Sabine: ‘* Nine inches and a half in length; the beak is straight, and about an inch and a quarter long: the upper man- dible is grooved and a little arched at its extremity; the chin, neck, and breast are dingy white, marked with longitudinal stripes of dark ash-colour : the head and back of the neck dark-brown, a little spotted with white: the whole back, wing-coverts, and scapulars brown, spotted with light reddish-brown, the spots being ranged along the margms of each feather ; YELLOW-SHANKED SANDPIPER. 153 the wing feathers are dark brown, the shaft of the first primary being white: the smaller primaries are slightly edged with white, and the secondaries more strongly so: the upper tail-coverts are white; the belly, sides, thighs, and abdomen dingy white: the under tail-coverts white, slightly barred with brown; the tail-feathers brown, barred with narrow bands of dingy white ; legs naked one inch and a quarter above the knee; tarsi two inches long; toes slender, legs entirely yellow.” Native of North America, where it is abundant, particularly in the autumn, when great numbers are taken to the markets of Boston, New York, and Phi- ladelphia, being in great repute for the table. It inhabits the sea-coasts and salt marshes during the summer, frequenting the flats of the shore at low water, in search of its food. It has a sharp whistle of three or four notes when about to take wing and when flying. 154 TELL-TALE SANDPIPER. (Totanus melanoleucus.) To. corpore maculis, uropygio caudaque fasciis albis nigrisque, remigibus primoribus nigricantibus, pedibus flavis. Sandpiper with the body spotted, and the rump and tail banded with white and black, the primary quills dusky, the legs yellow. Scolopax melanoleuca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.659. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 723. Totanus vociferus. Sabine. Frank. Journ. App. 687. Stone Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.376. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 152. Tell-tale Godwit. (Scolopax vociferus.) Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vii. p- 57. pl. viii. f. 5. SIMILAR in appearance, but much larger than the Yellow-shanked Sandpiper: its length is fourteen inches and a half: beak dark horn colour, and slightly bent upwards: space round the eye, chin, and throat, pure white, speckled with black: general colour of the upper parts of the plumage ashy-brown, thickly spotted with black or dull white, each feather being banded and spotted on the edge with black: wing quills black: some of the primaries, and all of the secondaries, with their coverts, spotted round their margins with black and white: head and neck above streaked with black and white: belly and vent pure white: rump white dotted with black : tail also white barred with brown: the wings, when closed, reach beyond the tail: thighs naked two inches above the knee: legs rich orange-yellow: vent sometimes spotted with black, under parts with brown. Both sexes re- semble each other. Or NODDING SANDPIPER. 1s Inhabits the Labrador coast during the autumn. In April it arrives in the United States of America, where it remains till November: it delights in watery bogs, marshes, and the muddy regions of creeks and inlets; in these places it breeds, the female laymg four dingy-white eggs, irregularly marked with black. It is a noisy and clamorous species, and its voice is heard at a great distance: from this circumstance it is much dreaded by sportsmen, as it is continually on the watch, and upon the appearance of any one it immediately sounds the alarm, and totally frustrates his intentions. Its cry is so loud that it may be heard when the bird is so high in the atmo- sphere as to be out of the reach of vision. NODDING SANDPIPER. (Totanus nutans.) To. cinereus ferrugineo varius, abdomine uropygio caudaque albis, collo subtus pectore femoribus uropygioque maculis, cauda fascits nigris. Sandpiper varied with cinereous and rust colour, the abdomen, rump, and tail white, the neck beneath, the breast, thighs, and rump spotted and the tail barred with black. Scolopax nutans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 659. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 723. Nodding Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.370. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 153. Tue Nodding Sandpiper is thus described by Dr. Latham : ‘ Size of the Common Snipe: beak slender, 156 ASH-COLOURED SANDPIPER. long, black : crown and upper part of the back dusky, streaked with red: cheeks cinereous, streaked with black: neck and breast cinereous, mixed with rust- colour, and marked with obscure dusky spots: belly white : thighs spotted with black : lesser wing-coverts ash-coloured; greater dusky, edged with brown: quills dusky ; the secondaries tipped with white: lower part of the back white, spotted with black: tail barred black and white; tip reddish ; legs greenish : the toes bordered by a narrow plain membrane. Ob- served in Chateaux Bay, on the coast of Labrador, in September. Are perpetually nodding their heads.” ASH-COLOURED SANDPIPER. (Totanus incanus.) To. cinereus, jugulo abdomine medio maculaque ante oculos albis, pedibus flavo-virescentibus. Ash-coloured Sandpiper, with the throat, middle of the abdomen, and spot before the eyes white, the legs of a greenish yellow. Scolopax incana, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.658. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 724, Ash-coloured Snipe. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 154. DescriseD by Latham from a specimen formerly - in the collection of the late Sir Joseph Banks. ‘* Its length was eleven inches: beak more than an inch and a half long, straight, except at the tip, where it is a trifle bent; colour black: upper part of the head, neck, and body, ash-colour: between the beak and SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. 157 eye a whitish mark; chin and fore part of the neck white, mottled a little with brown on the throat: breast and sides of the body ash-colour: middle of the belly white: legs yellowish-green. Inhabits Eimeo and Palmerston Isles.” SHARP-TAILED SANDPIPER. (Totanus acuminatus.) To. supra fuscus, plumis dorsalibus ferrugineo tectricibus griseo marginatis, subtus albidus, pectore sublutescente, rectricibus acuminatis. Sandpiper above brown, with the dorsal feathers edged with rust- colour and the coverts with grey, beneath whitish, the breast somewhat yellowish, the tail-feathers acuminated. Totanus acuminatus. Horsfield. Lin. Trans. xiii. 192. INHABITS Java. 158 SLENDER-BEAKED SANDPIPER. (Totanus tenuirostris. ) To. supra pallide fuscus cinereo varius, remigibus fuscis, subtus albens, guld pectoreque fuscescente maculatis, rostro tenut. Sandpiper above pale brown varied with ash-colour, the quills brown, beneath whitish, the throat and breast spotted with brownish, the beak slender. Totanus tenuirostris. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 192. Inuasits Java. The beak is more slender than in the European species of this genus. (Dr. H.) DAMASCENE SANDPIPER. (Totanus Damascensis.) To. supra pallide cinereo-fuscus, subtus albus, remigibus fuscis rachidibus primorum albis aliarum fuscescentibus. Sandpiper above pale ashy-brown, beneath white, the quills brown with the first shafts white, the rest brownish. Totanus Damascensis. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 192. LENGTH six inches and a half. Inhabits Java. JAVA SANDPIPER. (Totanus Javanicus.) To. rostro bast albente, supra griseo-fuscus scapulis remigibusque saturatioribus, subtus albus, tectricibus inferioribus ultra medium albis oblique truncatis, pedibus subabbreviatis, cauda supra om- nino concolore. Sandpiper with its beak whitish at the base, the body above grey- brown, the scapulars and quills darker, beneath white, the under coverts beyond the middle white, obliquely truncated, the legs somewhat abbreviated, the tail above of one colour. Totanus Javanicus. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 193. Leneru ten inches: called Bedaran, or Choweyan, by the Javanese. Described as above by Dr. Hors- field. BLACK SANDPIPER. (Totanus niger.) To. corpore toto aterrimo, rostro pedibusque rubris. Sandpiper with the entire body nearly black, the beak and legs red. Scolopax nigra. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.659. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. L236 Black Sandpiper. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 381. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 153. Tuts bird is described as having its plumage of a most intense black colour, with its beak and legs red. Found in the American islands. 160 B. Digitis subpalmatis. B. ‘Toes subpalmated. SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. (Totanus semipalmatus. ) To. nigro maculatus, supra cinereus subtus albus, remigibus primo- ribus fascia, secundariis rectricibusque ewtimis toto albis. Black spotted Sandpiper, above ash-colour, beneath white, the primary quills with a fascia, and the secondaries and outer tail-feathers entirely white. Totanus semipalmatus. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 637. Scolopax semipalmata. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 659. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 722. Semipalmated Snipe. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 380. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.152. Wils. Amer. Orn. ». vii. 27. pl. lvi.f. 3. Inuasits North America: length fourteen inches: its beak is dusky: head and neck streaked black and white : breast white, varied with round black spots : back and wing-coverts cinereous, sprinkled with arrow- shaped black spots: primaries dusky, with a white bar: secondaries white: belly and sides also white; the latter transversely barred with brown: the middle tail-feathers cinereous, barred with black: outer fea- thers white: legs dusky: toes semipalmated. Female rather larger than the male. In the autumn these birds associate in flocks, and their plumage becomes pale dun-coloured above, and spotted with dark brown, and the tail nearly white. They arrive from the north on the shores of the middle states in April or May, and from that time to SEMIPALMATED SANDPIPER. 161 the end of July, they incessantly repeat their loud and shrill notes, which resemble in sound the words Piil- will-willet. They build their nest on the ground ; it is constructed of coarse grass: the female lays four dark dusky-olive eggs, largely blotched with blackish- brown ; they are placed nearly upright in the nest, during incubation, with the small end downwards. Wilson says, the anxiety and affection manifested by these birds for their eggs and young are truly in- teresting. A person no sooner enters the marshes than he is beset by them, flying around and skimming over his head, vociferating with great violence their common cry, and uttering at times a loud clicking note, as he approaches nearer to their nest. As they occasionally alight and slowly shut their wings, they have a mournful, expressive note. During the time of incubation the female often resorts to the sea-shore, where, standing up to the belly in water, she washes and dresses her plumage; she is also at other times in the habit of wading more in the water than most of the group, and, when wounded in the wing, will take to the water without hesitation, and swim tole- rably well. They subsist principally on small mollusca, marme vermes, and aquatic insects, in search of which they resort to the muddy shores and flats at low water. Vie MLE Pe he 11 Nares 162 PHALAROPUS. PHALAROPE. Generic Character. Rostrum breve, rectum, la- tum, basidepressum, versus apicem paulo inclinatum : mandibule canaliculatzx ; superiore apice obtusa, in- feriore acuta. basales, __laterales, ovales, prominentes, mem- brana circumdatz. Pedes tetradactyli, medio- cres, graciles; digiti an- teriores basi membrana connexi, unde ad apicem membranis pinnatis in- structi; pollex brevis, laevis, apice solo insistens. Beak short, straight, broad, its base depressed, towards the tip somewhat inclined : the mandibles grooved ; the upper one obtuse at its tip, the lower pointed. Nostrils basal, lateral, oval, prominent, and surrounded by a membrane. Legs four-toed, medial, slen- der, compressed ; the an- terior toes connected by a membrane at the base, and furnished with pin- nated membranes from them; the hinder toe short, smooth, and resting on its tip only. PHALAROPUS. Briss., Lath., Cuv., Temm., &c. TRINGA. Linné., Gmel. THE Phalaropes have a beak in some respects resembling that of the Knots, but although more depressed than in those birds, it has the same propor- GREY PHALAROPE. GREY PHALAROPE. 163 tions and similar grooves; they have, however, their toes garnished with very broad pinnated or denticu- lated membranes, similar to those of the Coots. They swim admirably, and row about on the sea with great vivacity, fearmg neither the waves nor breakers: they are less active on land: their food consists of small insects and marine vermes, which they seize while floating on the surface of the ocean. GREY PHALAROPE. (Phalaropus griseus.) Pu. supra fuscus, aut griseus, subtus rufus vel albidus, alis fasciis duabus albidis, crisso albo. Phalarope above brown, or grey, beneath red or whitish, the wings with two whitish bands, the vent white. Phalaropus platyrhynchos. Temm. man. d’Orn. 459. Sabine, Linn. Trans. xii. 536. Le Phalarope grise. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1.492. Summer Pirumace.—Tringa hyperborea. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 676. 6. Tringa fuligaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 249. Phalaropus rufescens. Briss. Orn. 6. 20. Le Phalarope rouge. Buff. Ots. 8. 225. Red Coot-footed Tringa. Edw. Birds, pl. 142. Red Phalarope. (Female.) Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 271. Winrer Pirumace.—Phalaropus lobatus. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 776. Tringa lobata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 249. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 674. Phalaropus. Briss. Orn. 6. 12. Le Phalarope a festons dentéles. Buff. Ois. 8. 226. 164 GREY PHALAROPE. Grey Coot-footed Tringa. Edw. Birds, pl. 308. Grey Phalarope. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 412. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.218. pl. 76. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 272. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl.194. Wale. Syn.2. pl. 156. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Sup. App. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.140: Wils. Amer. Orn. ix. 72. Variety in change.—Phalaropus griseus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 776. Tringa glacialis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 675. Plain Phalarope. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 273. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 415. Youne.—Tringa lobata. 6. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 674. Lenoru about eight inches and a half: during the summer the beak is reddish-yellow at its base, and brown towards the tip: its irides are reddish-yellow : the head, nape, back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts are dusky-brown, each feather being deeply edged with orange-red: above each eye is a yellow band: the wing-coverts are dusky tipped with white; and on the wing is a transverse white band: the rump is white spotted with black : the fore part of the neck, the breast, belly, vent, and inferior tail-coverts are red: the legs are dusky green. In the winter the top of the head, the occiput, and the nape, are bright ash: the sides of the breast, the back, the scapulars, and the rump are bright ashy-blue: all the feathers are dusky in the centre ; and the longer ones of the scapulars are tipped with white: on the wing is a transverse white band: the tail-feathers are brown edged with ash-cclour : the forehead, the sides of the neck, the middle of the breast, and the rest of the under parts are pure white: the legs are lead-co- loured : the beak is dusky. The young have a dusky spot of a horse-shoe shape on the occiput, and a band GREY PHALAROPE. 165 of the same colour passing through the eyes: the nape, back, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, and tail-feathers are brown-ash ; the feathers of the back, scapulars, and two middle ones of the tail being deeply bor- dered with yellowish: the rump is white, varied with brown: the quills are edged with white; the wing- coverts are bordered and tipped with whitish-yellow ; and on the wing is a transverse white band : the fore- head, throat, sides, and fore part of the neck, the breast, and under parts of the body are pure white : the legs are yellowish-green: the beak is dusky- brown. Abundant in the north-eastern parts of Europe, on the confines of the Frozen Sea, and in Siberia, and other parts of Northern Asia, particularly about the borders of the Caspian Sea, where it is said to congregate : it is likewise very numerous in North America. In England it is very rare, and is only occasionally taken during its migrations, and appears to be solitary. Montagu says, “‘ He once had an opportunity of seeing one swimming in a small pool of water left by the tide on the Sussex coast. It was continually dipping its beak into the water, as if feeding upon some insects, and so intent as to suffer him to approach within a few yards. It never at- tempted to dive, and when disturbed only flew a small distance, very like the Purre.”’ It breeds in the arctic regions, and its food consists of winged insects, worms, and mollusca. 166 LOBIPES. LOBEFOOT. Generic Character. Beak long, slender, weak, pointed, slightly depressed at the base, and a little inclined towards its tip; the mandibles grooved. Nostrils minute, basal, la- teral, surrounded by a Rostrum longum, gracile, debile, acutum, basi sub- depressum, versus apicem pauld inclinatum ; mandi- bulz sulcatee. Nares minutz, basales, la- terales, membrana circum- datee. membrane. Pedes tetradactyli, graciles ; || Legs four-toed, slender ; the digiti anteriores a basi ad anterior toes connected medium membrana con- nexi, unde ad _ apicem membranis pinnatis in- structi: pollex brevis, apice from the base to the mid- dle with a membrane, from thence to the tip furnished with pinnated webs; the solo insistens. hinder toe short, resting on its tip only. LOBIPES. Cuv. TRINGA. Linn., Gmel. PHALAROPUS. Briss., Lath., Temm., Sabine. THEsE birds may be distinguished from the Pha- laropes, which they greatly resemble, by the more slender form of their beak ; which somewhat re- AMERICAN LOBEFOOT. 167 sembles that of the Sandpipers, and is but little de- pressed at the base. The feet are in all respects similar to those of the Phalaropes. AMERICAN LOBEFOOT. (Lobipes Wilsoni.) Lo. supra cinerea pennis castaneis varits, subtus alba, tectricibus alarum atro-cinereis, gula albd. Lobefoot above ash-colour, varied with chesnut-coloured feathers, beneath white, the wing-coverts dark ash-colour, the throat white. Phalaropus Wilsoni. Sabine, Frank. Voy. App. 691. American Phalarope. Sabine, l. c. Descrisep by Mr. Sabine, in the Appendix to Franklin’s Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, and named by him as above in compliment to the distinguished author of American ornithology. ‘The following is the notice given: ‘‘ The specimen, when extended, measures ten inches and a half in length : the beak is ten inches and a quarter long, black, narrow at the base, and slender, the whole of its length having a very slight incurvation: the upper mandible is flattened and turned downwards a little at its termination, and covers the end of the lower mandible: the forehead and top of the head are a 168 AMERICAN LOBEFOOT. clear pale ash-colour : from near the junction of the mandibles a narrow line on each side of the head passes through the eyes to the side of the neck, where it widens considerably, and is continued in a broad patch to the back ; this mark is at first black, but after it has passed the eye about half an inch, it gradually becomes a very deep chesnut : the chin and sides of the head between the above line are white : the neck is dingy white, slightly tinged with chesnut, darker near to the edges of the above patch: the belly and all the under parts are white: at the back of the neck is a white line between the two dark markings described above: the back and scapulars are dark ash-colour, in which some few chesnut feathers are mixed ; these are so disposed as to have the appearance of an irregular continuation of the dark chesnut patches on the sides of the neck: the whole of the wing-feathers and upper coverts are dark ash-colour ; the largest coverts and secondaries very slightly edged with white : under-coverts of the wings white : the two middle tail-feathers ash-colour ; the others the same on their outer web, having the inner mottled with ash-colour and white : upper tail- coverts ash-colour ; under tail-coverts white : the legs are black, naked near an inch above the knee: the tarsi are an inch and a quarter long, sharp, with a membrane before and at the back: the three fore toes lobed, with small curved black claws ; the centre toe the longest, and united at the base for a short distance to the outer ; hind toe three eighths of an inch long, and membranous.” ibe, mai Cl ‘ RED LOBEFOOT. RED LOBEFOOT. 169 To this he adds—‘“ the specimen has much the appearance of being in its breeding dress, and having its plumage of that state nearly complete; the ir- regular disposition of the chesnut feathers on the back leads to a supposition, however, that some fur- ther change was wanting to make that part per- feCh.. RED LOBEFOOT. (Lobipes hyperborea.) Lo. supra grisea subtus alba, tectricibus alarum rufescentibus, gula alba, macula lata rufa. Lobefoot above grey, beneath white, the wing-coverts reddish, the throat white, with a broad red spot. Le Lobipéde 4 hauss-col. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 495. Phalaropus hyperboreus. Temm. man. d’Orn. 457. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2.775. Sabine, Linn. Trans. xii. p.535. Sabine, Frank. Journ. App. 690. Tringa hyperborea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.675. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 249. Phalaropus cinereus. Briss. Orn. 6. 15. Le Phalarope cendré ou Phalarope de Sibérie. Buff: Os. 8. 224. Buff: Pl. Enl. 766. Cock Coot-footed Tringa. Edw. Birds, pl. 143. Red Phalarope. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.219. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 270. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 193. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 157. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. Supp. and App. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2.139. Wils. Amer. Orn. ix. 75. Red-necked Phalarope. Sower. Brit. Misc. 1. pl. 10. Phalaropus Williamsii. Simmonds. Linn. Trans. 8. 264. 170 RED LOBEFOOT. Immature or YoUNG.—Phalaropus fuscus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 776. Briss. Orn. 6. 18. Tringa fusca. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 675. Tringa lobata. Brunnick. No. 171. Coot-footed Tringa. Edw. Birds, pl. 46. Brown Phalarope. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.414. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 274. AxoutT seven inches in length: beak black : irides brown: the top of the head, the nape, the sides of the breast, the space between the beak and the eye, and also a small streak behind the eyes, deep ash: the sides and fore part of the neck are bright red : the throat, the middle of the breast, and all the under parts of the body are pure white, with the exception of the flanks, which are marked with large ash-coloured spots : the back, the scapulars, the wing- coverts, and the two middle tail-feathers are deep black ; the feathers on the top of the back and the scapulars are deeply bordered with red, and of the wing-coverts tipped with a white margin: on the wing is a transverse white band: the lateral tail- feathers are ash, edged with a straight white band : the legs are ashy-green. ‘The female differs only in having a few dashes of red surrounding the eyes, in having the red on the breast less extended and varied with ashy feathers, and also smaller and fewer spots on the flanks. ‘The young have the top of the head, the occiput, a spot behind the eyes, and the nape dusky-brown : the back, the scapulars, and the two middle tail-feathers are also dusky-brown, but all the feathers are deeply edged with clear red : the quills and wing-coverts are dusky, edged and RED LOBEFOOT. 171 tipped with whitish: on the wing is a broad trans- verse white band: the forehead, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, and the rest of the under parts of the body white; with the sides of the breast and the flanks clouded with bright ash, and a slight tinge of yellowish on the sides of the neck: the inner part of the tarsus is yellow, the outer, and the toes are greenish-yellow. This inhabits the rocks and shores of the northern seas, and is very abundant in the north-western Isles of Scotland, among the Orcades and the Hebrides: it is also common in Lapland, but rare towards the more southern parts of Europe: in England it is very scarce; but has been shot in Yorkshire. It breeds in the Hebridal Islands in the marshes, and lays four eggs of the shape of those of the Snipe, but much less, of an olive colour blotched with dusky. RECURVIROSTRA. AVOSET. Generic Character. Rostrum longissimum, gra- || Beak very long, slender,weak, cile, debile, depressum, depressed, much recurved valde recurvatum, apice its tip flexible and acute ; flexili acuto; mandibule the mandibles grooved supra infraque sulcate. above and beneath. Nares long, lineares, Nostrils long, linear. Pedes graciles, long, tetra- | Legs slender, long, four- dactyli ; digiti antici mem- toed ;* the anterior toes brana fere ad apicem con- | —_ connected nearly to the tip nexi; pollex brevis, a ter- by a membrane; the hin- ra elevatus. der toe short, elevated from the ground. RECURVIROSTRA Auctorum. 4 "THE birds of this singular genus have the feet pal- mated nearly to the tips of the toes, in which respect they approach very close to the NaTaToreEs, or Swim- ming Birds, but the length of the leg renders them incapable of using them for that purpose: they are still closer allied, however, to the GraLLm, with which order they agree in having their tarsi elongated, COMMON AVOSET. 173 their thighs naked about one half, their beak long, slender, pointed, smooth, and elastic, and their man- ner of life similar. Their great peculiarities consist of their beak being strongly turned upwards, and in having their hinder toe very short. They generally frequent brackish water at the mouths of large rivers, preferring those places that are covered with mud, or are just shallow enough for them to wade in: they migrate and live in pairs; their flight is very rapid ; and their food consists principally of insects. COMMON AVOSET. (Recurvirostra Avosetta.) Re. alba, pileo fasciisque alarum tribus nigris. White Avoset with the top of the head, and three fasciz on the wings, black. Recurvirostra Avocetta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 256. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 693. Raz, Syn. 117. A. Briss. Orn. 6. 538. 47. jf 2. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.786. Temm. man. d’Orn. 380. L’Avocette. Buff. Ois. 8. 466. pl. 38. Buff. Pl. Enl, 353. Scooping Avocette. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 228. pl. 80. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 503. P. Alb. Birds, \. pl. 101. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.293. Lath. Syn. Sup. 263. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Avocetta or Avoset. Don. Brit. Birds, pl. 66. Lew. Brit. Birds, 6. pl. 202. Walc. Syn. 2.165. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 158. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2.114. Atk. Compend. 178. A urcuty elegant species : about eighteen inches in length : its entire plumage is of a beautiful pure 174 COMMON AVOSET. white, with the exception of the top of the head, the hinder part of the neck, the greater and lesser sca- pulars, the wing-coverts, and the quills, which are deep black: its beak is also black: its irides are reddish-brown: its legs are ashy-blue. ‘The young previous to moulting resemble the old in the disposi- tion of their colours, but the parts that become black in them are strongly shaded with brown in these : the brown-black on the head does not extend beyond the occiput ; that of the scapulars is edged with red, and all the feathers of these parts, and tipped with a small border of red-ash: the legs are ash-coloured : the tarsi are thick and channelled before. After the first autumnal moult, and throughout the first year, the outer edges of the scapular feathers are tinged with reddish. Native of the greater portion of Europe, but scarce towards the north. Found also in Siberia, and in profusion on the borders of the salt lakes of Tartary, and of the Caspian Sea. Not uncommon in various parts of England, breeding in the fens of Lincoln- shire and Cambridgeshire, and on Romney Marsh, Kent, in great plenty. They lay two eggs about the size of those of a pigeon, white, tinged with green, and marked with large black spots: they are said to be very tenacious of their young : when the female is frightened off her nest, she counterfeits lameness ; and when a flock is disturbed, they fly round in re- peated circles, making a shrill noise, resembling the word ¢wit twice repeated. In winter they assemble in small flocks of six or seven, frequenting the shores, particularly at the mouths of large rivers or inlets of ay Tete vane eit Oa bad) ) i a C: M MON AVOSE T. Fl. 25 AMERICAN AVOSET. 175 the sea, in search of worms and marine insects, which they scoop out of the mud or sand, and on which they leave a semicircular impression from their beaks. Although their feet appear calculated for swimming, they do not appear to be used for that purpose, but rather for support upon the soft mud, from whence they obtain their food. Montagu relates an instance of one being wounded in the wing, and floating with the tide for a considerable distance, when it was taken up alive without its ever attempting to swim. They frequently, however, wade about up to the belly in water. ‘They are very active and lively in their mo- tions, and are perpetually moving about. AMERICAN AVOSET. (Recurvirostra Americana.) Re. corpore albo nigroque vario, capite collo pectoreque rufescen- tibus. Avoset with the body varied with black and white, the head, neck, and breast reddish. Recurvirostra Americana, Gmel. Syst. Nat.1, 693. Lath. Ind. Orn..2. 787: ; Avosetta. Dampier, Voyage, 3.p. 123.f. 3. American Avoset. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 241. pl. 21. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 295. pl. 92. Leach, Zool. Misc. 2.114. pl. 101. Tuis is rather larger than the European species, but equally elegant in its form: its beak is black : the forehead dusky white : the head, neck, and upper 176 NEW HOLLAND AVOSET. part of the breast are of a deep rufous white, palest on the throat and fore part of the neck: the lower parts of the neck behind are white : the back is black : greater and lesser wing-coverts, the outer parts of the wing and the quills are black: the middle coverts, and some of the secondaries are white, and of the latter a few are tinged with ash-colour: the under parts of the body from the breast are pure white: the legs are dusky. Inhabits North America. NEW HOLLAND AVOSET. (Recurvirostra Nove Hollandiz.) Re. corpore albo nigroque vario, capite colloque rufescentibus. Avoset with the body varied with black and white, the head and neck reddish. Native of New Holland, and greatly resembling the former species ; but the red colour of the neck does not extend so far down, and the black fasciz on the wings are differently disposed. 177 ORIENTAL AVOSET. (Recurvirostra orientalis.) Re. alba, alis nigris. White Avoset with black wings, Recurvirostra orientalis, Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 496. Cuvier describes this species as being entirely white, with black wings and red legs. It mhabits the coasts of the Indian Seas. Vv. XII. P. I. 12 _ ~~} (9 a) HIMANTOPUS. LONGSHANKS. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, longum, || Beak slender, long, rounded, rotundatum, in medio sub- somewhat inflexed in the inflexum, fere leevigatum, middle, nearly smooth, acutum: mandibulz a basi pointed : the mandibles la- ad medium lateratim ca- terally sulcated from the naliculatee. base to the middle. Nares elongatze, lineares. ‘Nostrils elongated, linear. Pedes tridactyh; digit? ex- || Legs three-toed; the outer teriores basi membrana || foes joined at their base by lata coaliti; tars? longissi- a broad membrane; the mi, tenues, debiles. | shanks very long, slender, and weak. HIMANTOPUS. Ray, Briss., Cuv., Leach, &e. CHARADRIUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath. RECURVIROSTRA. Wils. OF this highly singular and interesting genus there are but two species known, which, in addition to the characters above given, may be further distinguished by having the wings very long, with the first quill exceeding the rest in length : the claws are also very BLACK-WINGED LONG SHANKS. a 6 el i in i, ie a ee ee BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. 179 small, and much flattened : the legs are disproportion- ably long, and are extremely thin and slender, and so flexible that they will bend considerably without fracture: the toes are three in number, and placed forwards ; the two outer ones being connected by a broad membrane from the base nearly to the middle, and the two inner ones by a small basal membrane only. Their manners are so fully detailed in the following pages, that any mention of them here is unnecessary. BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. (Himantopus melanopterus.) Hi. albus, occipite nucha dorso alisque negris. White Longshanks with the occiput, nape, back, and wings black. Himantopus melanopterus. Horsfield. Linn. Trans, xiti. p- 194. Himantopus atropterus. Meijer. Temm. man. d’Orn. 338. Himantopus. Rati, Syn. p.106. Briss. Orn. 5. 33. pl. 3. f. 1. Charadrius himantopus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.255. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.690. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.741. Recurvirostra himantopus——Long-legged Avoset. Wials. Amer. Orn. v. vii. 48. pl. lili. f. 2. L’Echasse. Buff. Ois. 8.114. pl. 8. Buff. Pl. Enl. 878. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 496. Echasse 4 manteau noir. Temm.l.c. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 528. Long-legged Plover. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 209. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 405. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.195. Lath. Syn. Sup. 252. White, Hist. Selb. f. p. 258. Lew. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 182. 180 BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 159. Don. Brit. Birds, 3. pl. 55. Mont. Orn. Dict.2. and Supp. Bew, Brit. Birds, 2.4. Shaw, Mat. Misc. pl. 195. Shaw, Zool. Lect. 1. pl. 80. Bing. Anim. Biog. 2. 312. Youne.—Himantopus mexicanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 36. Tus remarkable bird measures, from the end of the beak to that of the tail, thirteen inches, but to the end of the claws nearly eighteen: its beak is nearly two inches and a half long, slender and black : the irides are red: the forehead, round the eyes, the neck, breast, and all the under parts, are pure white, shaded on the breast and belly with rose-colour : the occiput and nape are black, or dusky spotted with white : the back and wings are black, glossed with green: the tail is ash-colour: the legs are deep ver- milion. In the old males, the nape (and sometimes the occiput) becomes white. ‘The female is smaller : the black on the back and wings is not glossed with green, but is of a brownish cast. ‘The young have the legs orange-colour : the feathers of the back and wings brown edged with whitish, those on the top of the head, the occiput, and the nape are greyish- black, with whitish borders. A very general inhabitant of the temperate and tropical regions of the globe ; occurring in plenty on the borders of the sea, and saline lakes of Asia, but less frequently on those of Europe and Africa: it is also found in America. Several specimens have been shot in Britain at various periods. Sibbald mentions two being shot in Scotland, Pennant one at Oxford, and White, of Selbourne, procured one (out of a flock af six) that was seen on the borders of a large lake, BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. 181 lying between Woolmer forest and the town of Farn- ham, in the county of Surry. Another is recorded by Shaw to have been shot in Anglesea in the year 1793. Wilson has given some very interesting notices in his American Ornithology relative to the manners, &e. of this bird, which I shall extract for the benefit of such of my readers as do not possess that valuable work. ‘<< It arrives,’ he says, “ on the sea-coast of New Jersey about the 25th of April, in small de- tached flocks of twenty or thirty together. These sometimes again subdivide into lesser parties ; but it rarely happens that a pair is found solitary, as during the breeding season they usually associate in small companies. On their first arrival, and indeed during the whole of their residence, they inhabit those par- ticular parts of the salt marshes, pretty high up towards the land, that are broken into numerous shallow pools, but are not usually overflowed by the . tide during the summer. ‘These pools or ponds are generally so shallow, that with their long legs these birds can easily wade them in every directicn ; and as they abound with minute shell-fish and multitudes of aquatic insects and their larve, besides the eggs and spawn of others deposited in the soft mud below, these birds find here an abundant supply of food, and are almost continually seen wading about in such places, often up to the breast in water. In the vicinity of these bald places, as they are called by the country people, and at the distance of forty or fifty yards off, among the thick tufts of grass, one of these small associations, consisting perhaps of six or eight 182 BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. pair, takes up its residence during the breeding sea- son. About the first week in May they begin to con- struct their nests, which are at first slightly formed of a small quantity of old grass, scarcely sufficient to keep the eggs from the wet marsh. As they lay and sit, however, either dreading the rise of the tides, or for some other purpose, the nest is increased in height with dry twigs of a shrub very common in the marshes, roots of the salt-grass, sea-weed, and various other substances, the whole weighing between two and three pounds. This habit of adding mate- rials to the nest after the female begins sitting 1s common to almost all other birds that breed in the marshes. The eggs are four in number, of a dark- yellowish clay colour, thickly marked with large blotches of black. These nests are often placed within fifteen or twenty yards of each other; but the greatest harmony seems to prevail among the pro- prietors. While the females are sitting, the males are either wading through the ponds, or roaming over the adjoining marshes; but should a person make his appearance, the whole collect together in the air, flying with their long legs extended behind them, keeping up a continual yelping note of clich-click- click. Their flight is steady, and not in short sudden jerks like that of the Plover. As they fre- quently alight upon the bare marsh, they drop their wings, stand with their legs half bent, and tremble as if unable to sustain the burthen of their bodies : in this ridiculous posture they will sometimes stand for several minutes, uttering a crymg sound, while, from the corresponding quiverings of their wings, and BLACK-WINGED LONGSHANKS. 183 long legs, they seem to balance themselves with great difficulty. ‘This singular manceuvre is, no doubt, in- tended to induce a belief that they may be easily caught, and so turn the attention of the person from the pursuit of their nests and young to themselves. They will occasionally swim for a few feet when they chance, in wading, to lose their depth. “« The name by which this bird is known on the sea-coast is the Stilt, or “Tilt, or Longshanks. ‘They are but sparingly dispersed over the marshes, having, as has been already observed, their particular favourite spots, while, in large intermediate tracts, there are few or none to be found. ‘They occasionally visit the shore, wading about in the water and in the mud in search of food, which they scoop up very dexterously with their delicately-formed bills. On being wounded while in the water, they attempt to escape by diving, at which they are by no means expert. In autumn their flesh is tender, and well tasted. ‘They seldom raise more than one brood in the season, and depart for the south early in September. As they are well known in Jamaica, it is probable some of them may winter in that and other of the West India islands.” Dr. Horsfield found this species in the island of Java; but he observes that the Javanese specimens differ from those of Europe in having the tint of cinereous on the tail much paler. 184 NEW HOLLAND LONGSHANKS. (Himantopus Grallarius.) Hi. cerulescens nigro striatus, subtus albus striis fuscis, maculé aurium fuscd. Cerulescent Longshanks striated with black, beneath white with brown stripes ; a brown spot on the ears. Charadrius Grallarius, Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixvi. High-legged Plover. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 319. « Beak black: the crown, back, and wings blue- grey, marked with black streaks, largest on the back and crown: irides yellow: beneath the eyes, on the ears, a large patch of brown: the under parts are dusky white, streaked on the neck and breast with pale brown: inner ridge of the wing ferruginous : quills black. It stands very high upon its legs, not much less so than the Long-legged Plover (the pre- ceding species) ; the colour of them pale blue. In- habits New South Wales.” Dr. Latham has given the above description of this species, from which there can be little doubt that it belongs to the pre- sent genus. Dn by May 7,78: PHGENICOPTERUS. FLAMINGO. Generic Character. Rostrum grossum, validum, altior quam latior, denti- culatum, ad apicem coni- cum; mandibula superiore subito mcurvata, ad apicem inferioris inclinans. Nares longitudinales, in me- dio rostri sita. Collum longissimum. Pedes \ongissimi, tetradac- tyli, palmati; digit? antici membrana lunat4 connexi; pollex parvus, brevis. Beak thick, strong, higher than broad, slightly tooth- ed, conic towards the tip; the upper mandible sud- denly bent down, and in- clining towards the tip of the inferior one. Nostrils longitudinal, placed in the middle of the beak. Neck very long. Legs very long, four-toed, palmated; the anterior toes connected by a lunated membrane; the hinder toe small and short. PHCENICOPTERUS Auctorum. F'LAMINGOES inhabit the temperate and tropical climates of the globe, usually frequenting the sea- coasts : they subsist on various insects, mollusca, and the fry of fish: they assemble in flocks during the period of incubation: they moult but once during the year, but the young do not attain their full plu- mage for several years. Notwithstanding the toes 186 RED FLAMINGO. are furnished with webs, these birds, from the length of their legs, are incapable of swimming: the prin- cipal use of these membranes appears to be that of supporting the birds on the muddy shores, where they reside and obtain their subsistence. RED FLAMINGO. ‘~ (Pheenicopterus ruber.) Pu. ruber, remigibus nigris. Red Flamingo with the quills black. Pheenicopterus ruber, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 230. Goel, Syst. Nat. 1.612. Raitt, Syn. 117. 2.—190.1. Briss. Orn. 6. 537. pl. 47. f.1. Lath. Ind. Orn. ii. 788. Le Flammant. Buff: Ois. 8. 475. Buff. Pl. Enl. 63. Cuv., Reg. Anim. 1. 505. Le Flammant rouge. Temm. man. d’Orn. 378. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 587. Red Flamingo. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. No. 422. Catesby, Carol. 1. pl. 73, 74. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 299. pl. 93. Lath. Syn. Sup. 263. Wils. Amer. Orn. viii. p. 45. pl. Ixvi. f: 4. Tue body of this very extraordinary bird is scarcely larger than that of a Goose; nevertheless, its legs and neck are of such disproportionate length, that the bird measures from the point of the beak to the tip of the claws, no less than six feet, and to the tip of the tail four feet and upwards. Its curiously con- structed beak is four inches and a quarter long, with its base and the cere whitish-yellow; from thence to its curvature of a blood-red, and its tip black: its a: in Tes Rion tae bake ¥ a, i PKs Mera Cam) i Rte bt RED FLAMINGO . RED FLAMINGO. 187. head, neck, wings, tail, and the under parts of the body are of a beautiful red, most brilliant on the wings: the back and scapulars are of a rosy-red: the quills are deep black: the secondary feathers are very long, and reach considerably over the quills: the legs are deep red. ‘The female is smaller, and the plumage is less brilliant in colour. ‘The young, previous to moulting, have all the plumage ash-coloured, with the secondaries and tail nearly black. After the first year they become of a dirty white, with the seconda- ries dusky brown, edged with white : the bases of the wing-coverts are white tinged with rose colour, and tipped with black: the tail-feathers are irregularly spotted with dusky brown: the base of the beak is livid: at this period them length is about three feet. After two years the wings become of a deeper red, and the plumage is more tinged with rose colour; and in the third year the plumage is fully coloured. These birds inhabit the warm climates of Africa, Asia, and America, and occasionally migrate into the southern parts of Europe, being sometimes met with at Marseilles, and in Spain and Italy. Except in breeding time they are generally found in flocks, and at a distance appear like a regiment of soldiers: their food consists principally of small fish and water in- sects, which they take by plunging their beak and part of their head into the water, and from time to time trampling the bottom with their feet, to disturb the mud in order to raise up their prey: when feeding they are said to twist their neck in such a manner, that the upper part of the beak is applied to the ground: during this time they are sileut, and one of 188 RED FLAMINGGC. the number is said to stand sentinel; and upon the appearance of the least danger he gives a loud scream, and instantly the whole flock is on the wing; and, when thus roused, they all join in the noise, and fill the air with their screams, which have been compared to the sound of a trumpet. Their nest is of smgular construction : it is formed of mud, in the shape of a hillock, with a cavity at the top: in this the female generally lays two white eggs, of the size of those of a goose, but somewhat larger. The hillock is of such a height as to admit of the bird’s sitting on it, or rather standing, as her legs are placed one on each side at full length. Linneus says that she will sometimes lay her eggs on the projecting part of a low rock, provided it be suffi- ciently convenient to admit of her legs beimg placed as before mentioned. ‘The young are not able to fly till a long time after they are hatched: but they can previously run with amazing swiftness. They are sometimes caught at this age, and are easily tamed. In a few days they become familiar, and will even eat out of the hand; and they are said to drink a large quantity of sea-water. But though easily rendered domestic, it is difficult to rear them, as they are apt to decline from the want of their natural food. These beautiful birds were much esteemed by the Romans, who often used them in their grand sacri- fices and sumptuous entertainments. ‘Their flesh is thought tolerably good food; and the tongue was looked upon by the ancients as the most delicious of all eatables : in fact, the Roman emperors considered them as the highest luxury; and we have an account CHILI FLAMINGO. 189 of one of them, who procured fifteen hundred Fla- mingoes’ tongues to be served up in a single dish. DWARF FLAMINGO. (Pheenicopterus parvus. ) Pu. rufus, remigibus rectricibusque nigris, tectricibus supertoribus rufo nigroque fasciatis. Red Flamingo with the quills and tail-feathers black, the upper coverts fasciated with red and black. Pheenicopterus parvus. Vieill. Anal. d’une Nouv. Orn. Elém. p- 69. Turis species is described by Vieillot in the above- quoted work: he says that it is red; with its supe- rior coverts banded with red and black: the quills and tail-feathers of the latter colour: the beak and legs red. Inhabits Africa: probably the young of the last described. CHILI FLAMINGO. _. (Pheenicopterus Chilensis.) Pu. ruber, remigibus albis. Red Flamingo with white quills. Pheenicopterus Chilensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 613. Lath. Ind, Orn, 2. 789. Chili Flamingo. Lath, Syn. Sup. ii. 330. 190 CHILI FLAMINGO, Tuis bird, measuring from the point of the beak to the tips of the claws, is five feet in length; and the body itself is about one foot : its back and wings are of a fine red colour, and the rest of the plumage of a beautiful white: the head is very small, and slightly crested. It differs from the European species in having the quills of a pure white, whereas in that bird they are deep black. | It mhabits Chili, frequenting the fresh waters: the inhabitants are said to set a high value upon this bird, as it furnishes them with the beautiful feathers with which they adorn their helmets and spears: their wings they convert into fans. 191 RALLUS. RAIL. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longius, sub- || Beak longer than the head, gracile, rectum, basi com- rather slender, straight, pressum, ad apicem paulo compressed at the base, eylindricum ; mandibula somewhat cylindrical at superiore canaliculata, the tip; the upper man- dible grooved. Nares laterales in sulco site, || Nostrils lateral, placed in a membranula semiclause. groove, and half closed by a membrane. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di-|| Legs four-toed, cleft, with gitis tribus anticis, uno three toes before and one portico. behind. RALLUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil., &e. SCOLOPAX. Gmel. FULICA. Gmel., Lath. GALLINULA. Gmel., Lath. PORPHYRIO. Briss. THE Rails have the body of a very compressed form, and the wings of a mediocral length, and rounded, with the first quill shorter than the second, third, or fourth, which are the longest. They seldom fly, but run or swim with celerity : they are partial 192 WATER RAIL. to the vicinity of large ponds or lakes, the borders of which are well clothed with plants. They feed on Insects, snails, and worms, and also upon vegetables and seeds. WATER RAIL. (Rallus aquaticus.) Ra. alis griseis fusco maculatis, hypochondrtis albo maculatis, rostro subtus fulvo, pedibus virescentibus. Rail with grey wings spotted with brown, the flanks spotted with white, the beak beneath fulvous, the legs greenish. Rallus aquaticus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.262. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1. 712. Briss..Orn. 5. 151. pl. 12. f. 2. Raw, Syn. 113. A. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 754. Rallus sericeus. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 33. Scolopax obscura. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 663. Le Rale d’eau. Buff: Ois. 8. 154. pl. 13. Buff. Pl. Enl. 749. Temm. man. d’Orn. 442. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 683. Le Rale d’eau d’Europe. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 500. Water Rail, Bilcock, Brook-ouzel. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 214. Alb. Birds, \. pl. 77. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 227. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 189. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 171. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 104. Mont. Orn. Dict. 2. and Supp. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. ii. p. 13. Tue Common Rail measures scarcely twelve inches in length: its beak is red shaded with brown at its tip: its irides are orange: the throat is whitish: the sides of the head, its neck, breast, and belly, are of an ashy-lead colour: all the feathers on the upper parts of the body are reddish-brown, with a deep ee eee a WAT! WATER RAIL. 193 black mark in the centre of each : the flanks are deep black, transversely rayed with white bars: the under tail-coverts are white: the legs are lead-coloured. The young of the year have the middle of the belly of a brown-red, and are destitute of the white band on the sides. This bird is not very common in Britain, though it is found throughout the country, and continues with us all the year: it is said to be very numerous in the northern countries of Europe, migrating southward during the severity of winter: it is very abundant also in Germany, France, and Holland. It is a shy and solitary species, affecting low damp situations, overgrown with sedges, reeds, and coarse herbage, among which it shelters, and is seldom put to flight unless pressed by the dogs, rather depending on its legs for safety ; but when once flushed it is easily shot, as it flies in a heavy and awkward manner, with its legs hanging down: it runs, however, very quickly, and frequently flits up its tail. It swims, and even dives well occasionally ; but it delights in shallow water where it can wade through without swimming. Its nest is constructed of sedges and coarse grass, amongst the thickest aquatic plants: it lays from six to ten eggs, of a yellowish colour, spotted with red-brown. Its principal food consists of worms, slugs, and insects. Viel. Pi ts is 194 VIRGINIAN RAIL. + (Rallus Virginianus.) Ra. superne fuscus, infra fusco-rufescens, rectricibus fuscis, su- percilus gulaque albis. : Rail above brown, beneath reddish-brown, the tail-feathers brown, the eyebrows and throat white. Rallus Virginianus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 263, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 7160 (Briss Orn. 3.175. Rallus aquaticus. 8. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 755. Rallus Pennsylvanicus. Briss. Orn. Supp. 138. American Water Rail. Edw. Birds, pl. 279. Virginian Rail. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.408. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 228. Wils. Amer. Orn. 7. 109. pl. xii. f 1. GivEN as a variety of the preceding by Latham, in his. Index, but it is considerably smaller than that bird, and differs m many other respects, as shown by the following description. It is ten inches in length : its beak dusky red: cheeks and line above the eyes ash-colour ; lores and near the lower eyelid white: . irides red: crown and all the upper parts black, streaked with brown, the centre of each feather being black : wing-coverts hazel-brown, inclining to ches- nut: quills plain deep dusky: chin white: throat, breast, and belly orange-brown : sides and vent black, tipped with white: legs and feet dull red-brown: edge of the bend of the wing white. ‘The female is somewhat less, and differs in having the breast much paler, and more white on the chin and throat. Native of North America, where it is migratory : it appears in Pennsylvania early i May, and leaves LONG-BILLED RAIL. 195 in November: the females begin to lay soon after their arrival, constructing their nests of old grass and rushes : they deposit from six to ten eggs, of a dirty- white or cream-colour, sprinkled with specks of red- dish and pale purple, most so at the larger end. Their chief food consists of small snails, worms, and larvee ; but towards autumn they sometimes devour seeds. Like the former bird, they affect the marshy and damp parts of the country, especially the borders of the fresh water streamlets that flow through the salt marshes; its habits are in other respects very similar to those of the preceding species. LONG-BILLED RAIL. ‘ (Rallus longirostris.) Ra. corpore supra cinereo fusco maculato, subtus ferrugineo-albo, hypochondriis albo transversim undatis, rostro ferrugineo. Rail with the body above spotted with cinereous and brown, beneath rusty-white, the flanks transversely undulated with white, the beak rust-colour. Rallus longirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.718. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 799. Le Rale 4 long bec de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 8.163. Buff. Pl. Enl, 849. Long-billed Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 237. LencTH nine inches and a half: beak rather long and stout, ferruginous, with its tip dusky: the pre- vailing colour of the upper parts of the body faint 196 VARIEGATED RAIL. cinereous ; the shafts of each feather being dashed with dusky ; the chim is nearly white: the rest of the under parts of the body are rusty-white, the sides of the body being striated as in the Common Rail: legs pale straw-colour. Inhabits Cayenne. VARIEGATED RAIL. + (Rallus variegatus.) Ra. nigro alboque maculatim variegatus, remigibus caudaque SJuscis, tectricibus alarum fuscis albo striatis, rostro fulvo, pe- dibus flavis. Rail variegated and spotted with black and white, the quills and tail brown, the wing-coverts brown striped with white, the beak fulvous, the legs yellow. Rallus variegatus. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1.718. Lath. Ind. Orn. ~ 2. 760. Le Rale tachetéde Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 8.165. Buff. Pl. Enl. 775. Variegated Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 237. InuaBits Cayenne: its length is eleven inches : its beak is yellowish : the back part of the head dusky: the rest of the head, neck, and body are irregularly spotted with black and white, the sides of the latter being streaked transversely as in the Common Rail : the wing-coverts are brown dashed with white: the wings brown: chin white: tail dusky, some of the middle feathers edged with white: legs yellow. 107 GULAR RAIL. (Rallus gularis.) Ra. nigro-fuscus, albo undulatus, fronte vertice occipite et cervice supra ferrugineis, gula alba, jugulo pectoreque intense plum- beis, abdomine albo fasciato. Black-brown Rail undulated with white, with the forehead, crown, occiput, and cervix above rust-coloured, the throat white, the jugulum and breast deep lead-colour, the abdomen barred with white. Rallus gularis. Horsf Linn. Trans. xiii. p. 196. Inuasits Java: called Tikussan. Length twelve inches. CAYENNE RAIL. » (Rallus Cayanensis.) Ra. griseo-fuscus, pectore abdomineque superiore rufis, dorso alisque olivaceis, guld albidd, rostro luteo, pedibus rubris. Grey-brown Rail, with the breast and upper part of the abdomen red, the back and wings olivaceous, the throat whitish, the beak luteous, the legs red. Fulica Cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.700. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 767. Grande Poule d’eau de Cayenne. Buff. Ois. 8.182. Buff. Pl. Enl. 352. Cayenne Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 252. A LARGE species, measuring eighteen inches in length: its beak is yellow, with its tip dusky: the 198 VARIABLE RAIL. chin, sides of the head, and part of the front of the neck, greyish-white; the rest of the head and neck, the lower belly, thighs, and tail, are dusky grey-brown : the breast, upper part of the belly and quills, bright reddish-rufous: the back and wing-coverts are dull white: the legs are red. The young are wholly grey till after the first moult. This bird inhabits Guiana and Cayenne, and preys on small fish and insects, and is common in the marshy places. VARIABLE RAIL. (Rallus varians.) Ra. fuscus nigro alboque maculatus et striatus, corpore subtus su- perciliisque cinereis vel grisets. Brown Rail spotted and striated with black and white, with the body beneath and eyebrows cinereous or griseous. Rallus Philippensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 756. B. 8. Philippine Rail, var. A. B. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 231, 232. pl. 86. Tur first variety of this species is figured and de- scribed by Latham as below. ‘* Length ten inches: beak an inch and a quarter, and brown: nostrils ina long furrow: the head and sides, taking in the eye and nape, ferruginous-chesnut : from the base of the beak over the eye passes a pale streak almost to the hind head: the upper part of the body brown, but each feather marked with a black and white trans- verse stripe near the end, giving the appearance of VARIABLE RAIL. : 199 black and white stripes on a brown ground : the hind part of the neck appears striated, but on the back more like spots, and more white than black: the rump is plain: the under parts from the chin, and down the middle to the breast, ash-colour; but the neck, on the sides, the breast, and belly, are striated with black and white: vent pale ferruginous-brown : the wing-coverts not to be distinguished in markings from the back: quills spotted brown and white: the tail is very little longer than the wings: the legs are flesh-colour : claws brown. Inhabits Otaheite.”’ The variety ‘“‘ has the head paler, and the streak over the eye grey: the hind part of the neck trans- versely striated brown and white: the middle of the back and scapulars white, with a very little mixture of brown on the first : wing-coverts olive-brown, trans- versely blotched with white; second quills white on the inner webs, on the outer olive-brown ; the greater quills olive-brown, marked with large ferruginous spots; the first wholly white, the second white within : tail even with the end of the quills, barred olive-brown and white: all the under parts white: beak and legs ele yellow-brown. Inhabits Tonga- taboo.” 200 PHILIPPINE RAIL. (Rallus Philippensis.) Ra. fuscus subtus griseo fasciatus, supercilits albis, collo subtus rufescente. Brown Rail fasciated beneath with griseous, the eyebrows white, the neck reddish beneath. Rallus Philippensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.263. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.714, Briss. Orn. 5. 163. pl. 14. f. 1. Lath. Ind. Orn. 756. Le Rale des Philippines. Buff. Ois. 8.160. Buff. Pl. Enl. 774. Philippine Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 230. Very similar to the Variable Rail, and in length eleven inches: beak grey: over each eye is a streak of white, reaching to the hind head ; and beneath this, passing through the eyes, is a broader one : the upper parts of the head, neck, and body are dusky, with the edges of the feathers rufous-grey: some of the scapulars are spotted with white: the wings are varied with spots of white and chesnut; the greater coverts are barred with the latter colour: the quills are brown, the outer edge of the two first marked with white, and towards the shaft with chesnut; the rest with the last colour only: the throat is dirty white : fore part of the neck rufous-grey, indistinctly marked with transverse brownish bands: the breast, sides, and thighs, barred grey and brown: the belly nearly white, but slightly barred with grey and brown: the tail is dusky, edged with rufous-grey ; and the fea- thers spotted on the inner web with chesnut, the two STRIATED RAIL. 201 ‘middle ones excepted : legs grey. Inhabits the Phi- lippine Islands. STRIATED RAIL. (Rallus striatus.) Ra. nigricans albo undulatus, gulé albidd, collo postice castaneo. Dusky Rail undulated with white, with the throat whitish, the - neck chesnut behind. Rallus striatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 262. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 714. Rallus Philippensis. y. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.756. Rallus Philippensis striatus. Briss. Orn. 5. 167. pl. 14.f. 2. Le Tiklin rayé. Buff. Ois. 8. 161. Philippine Rail, var.C. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 232. Tuts is considered by Latham as a variety of the Philippine Rail, but it appears to be distinct from that species: it is in length only eight inches and a quarter : its beak is horn-coloured : the crown of the head is varied with dusky and chesnut: the hind part of the neck is plain chesnut ; its lower part, with the back and scapulars, are dusky brown, sprinkled with whitish spots : the rump and tail-coverts are the same, but paler: the wing-coverts are transversely streaked with white: the quills are deep brown, with the outer webs barred with rufous-white, and the inner with white: the throat is rufous-white: the cheeks, fore part of the neck, breast, and upper parts of the belly are ash-colour, tinged with olive: the lower parts of 202 BANDED RAIL. the belly, sides, and thighs, are barred with dusky and white: the tail is dusky brown, barred with white : the legs are grey-brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands. BANDED RAIL. (Rallus torquatus. ) Ra. fuscus subtus albo undulatus, lined infra oculos alba. Brown Rail undulated beneath with white, with a white line be- neath the eyes. Rallus torquatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 262. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 714. Briss. Orn. 5. 170. pl. 15. f. 1. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 757. Le Tiklin 4 collier. Buff: Ois. 8. 162. Banded Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 233. Leneru twelve inches: beak grey-brown: from the base of the beak a streak of white passes under each eye, and finishes some way behind it: cheeks and throat dusky black: the upper parts of the plumage are brown tinged with olive; the under parts are transversely streaked with black and white, except a chesnut collar at the lower part of the neck ; the three first quills are banded with white on their imner webs, and the six following with chesnut ; they have all pale edges : the tail is brown : the thighs are barred with brown and white: the legs are grey- brown. Native of the Philippe Islands. 203 STRIPED RAIL. (Rallus quadristrigatus.) RA. supra fuscus gilvo mixtus, subtus pallidior, guld albidé, capite supra nigricante, utringue strigis duabus albis. Rail above brown mixed with yellowish, beneath paler, with the throat whitish, the head above dusky, with two white strigz on each side. Rallus quadristrigatus. Horsfeld. Linn. Trans. xiii. 196. Leneru eight inches and a half. Inhabits Java. BROWN RAIL. (Rallus fuscus,) Ra. fuscus, crisso albo undulato, pedibus flavis. Brown Rail with the vent undulated with white, the legs yellow. Rallus fuscus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 262. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.713. Briss.Orns, 5. 173. pl, 15> f..2 Lath, Ind; Org, 2. Gade Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 196. Le Rale brun des Philippines. Buff. Pl. Enl. 773. Le Tiklin brun. Buff. Ois. 8. 161. Brown Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 233. LeneTu seven inches: beak short and brown : the upper parts of the plumage also brown: the under parts reddish-brown, palest on the throat : the lower part of the belly inclining to grey: the tail is barred 204 RED-NECKED RAIL. with black and white beneath : the legs are yellow. Inhabits the Philippine Islands and Java. RED-NECKED RAIL. (Rallus ruficollis.) RA. corpore subtus nigro, dorso fusco-viridis, collo subtus pec- toreque rufis. Rail with the body black beneath, the back brownish-green, the neck beneath and breast red. Fulica ruficollis, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 700. Gallinula ruficollis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 767. Black-bellied Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 253. LeNnGTH seventeen inches: base of the beak red, tip yellow: the crown of the head is brown: the hind part of the neck ashy-brown: the back and quills greenish-brown, the last edged with rufous : the chin white: the fore part of the neck and breast bright rufous: the belly, thighs, vent, and rump black: the sides of the body and under wing-coverts transversely barred with rufous and black : legs red, and rather long. Native place uncertain : supposed to be Cayenne. 205 CLAPPER RAIL. (Rallus crepitans.) Ra. olivaceo fuscus, gula alba, collo subtus pectoreque fusco-flave= scentibus, hypochondriis cinereo alboque transversim lineatis. Olive-brown Rail with the throat white, the neck beneath and breast brownish-yellow, the flanks transversely lined with grey and white. Rallus crepitans. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.713. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 756. Clapper Rail. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.407. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 229. Wils. Amer. Orn. vii. p. 112. pl. |xii. f. 2. Fourteen inches in length: the beak reddish : the irides dark red: crown, neck, and back black, streaked with dingy brown ; chin, and line over the eye, brownish-white : auricles dusky: neck before and entire breast red-orange-brown : wing-coverts dark chesnut: quills plain dusky: legs reddish-brown : flanks and vent black, tipped or barred with white. Both sexes are similar. The young of the first year have the upper parts of an olive-brown, streaked with pale slate : wings pale olive-brown : chin and part of the throat white : breast ash-colour, tinged with brown: legs and feet pale horn-colour. This species is excessively abundant in the United States of North America, frequenting the salt marshes and swampy shores: it is migratory, and makes its appearance on the coast of New Jersey towards the end of April, and retires late in September. About 206 TROGLODYTE RAIL. the middle of May, according to Wilson, they gene- rally commence laying and building at the same time; the first egg being usually dropped im a slight cavity, lined -with a little dry grass pulled for the purpose, which, as the number of the eggs in- crease to their usual complement, ten, is gradually added to, until it rises to the height of twelve inches or more: the eggs are of a pale clay-colour, spotted with dark red, and are alleged to be admirable eating. The young about the age of three weeks are covered with black down, with the exception of a spot of white on the auricles, and a streak of the same along the side of the breast, belly, and fore part of the thigh. Their food consists chiefly of molluscous ani- mals, but they occasionally devour small crabs. TROGLODYTE RAIL. (Rallus australis.) Ra. cinereo-ferrugineus, alis caudaque saturate brunneis, pennis nigro fascialis. Ashy-rust-coloured Rail with the wings and tail dark brown, the feathers fasciated with black. Rallus australis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 756. Rallus troglodytes. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.713. Troglodyte Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 229. Lath. Syn. Sup. 255. A LARGE species : length seventeen inches: beak reddish-brown : irides dirty yellow: the feathers of TROGLODYTE RAIL. 207 the crown, neck, back, breast, and belly are brown, edged with rufous-grey : the cheeks and throat are cinereous : over the eye is a streak of the last colour : the wings are very short ; their coverts coloured on the back: the quills are brown, marked with trans- verse rusty spots on each margin: the bastard wing is furnished with a spine half an inch im length, hidden amongst the feathers, and straight and pointed : vent and sides of the body brown: tail four inches long ; brown, edged with rufous-grey : legs reddish- brown. Latham mentions a variety with the upper ‘parts of a deep chesnut: the feathers dashed with black down the shafts: the under parts cinereous, varying to chesnut on the breast : quills, lower order of coverts, and tail, barred chesnut and black : legs stout, brown. Native of New Zealand and the adjacent islands. It runs swiftly, and cannot fly, owing to the short- ness of its wings : it usually resides near the skirts of woods, and occasionally is found on the sea-coasts, picking up worms, &c. for food : are very tame : their cry is said to be loud before rain. This bird scarcely belongs to this genus; as its structure, according to the above description, differs from that of the true Rails. 208 SOREE RAIL. + (Rallus carolinus.) Ra. fuscus subtus pallidiore, facies mentum guldque nigris, pec- tore plumbeo, rostro flavo, pedibus virescentibus. Brown Rail beneath paler, with the face, chin, and throat black, the breast lead-coloured, the beak yellow, the legs greenish. Rallus carolinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 263. Gmel. Syst. Nat. R715; Gallinula carolina. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 771. Sabine. Frank. Journ, App. 690. Porphyrio freti Hudsonis, Driss. Orn. 5. 541. Le Rale de Virginie. Buff. Ois. 8. 165. Little American Water Hen. Edw. Birds, pl. 144. Common Rail. Wials. Amer. Orn. vi. p. 27. pl. xlviii. f..3. Soree Gallinule. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 409. Cates. Carol. \. pl. 70. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 262. LENGTH not quite eight inches: beak yellow: irides red: the crown of the head and upper parts of the plumage are dull brown, spotted with black : the face, round the beak, the chin, and part of the neck before, black : the sides of the head, the neck, and the breast, bluish-ash colour : the belly and sides dusky white, the last transversely barred with black : the wing-coverts plain dull brown: the scapulars edged with white: the outer edge of the wing also white: the quills and tail are brown: legs dusky green. Inhabits Virginia in great abundance at certain seasons. In the autumnal migrations, they appear in CEYLON RAIL. 209 the United States in great numbers, and from the end of August to the end of September afford easy amusement to the sportsman, and a plentiful supply to the epicure : being very fat at that season, they are particularly esteemed at table. CEYLON RAIL. (Rallus Zeylanicus.) Ra. ferrugineus subtus pallide ruber fusco nebulosus, capite nigri- cante, rostro pedibusque rubris. Ferruginous Rail beneath pale red, clouded with brown, the head dusky, the beak and feet red. Rallus Zeylanicus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 716. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 758. Ceylon Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 235. Larcer than the Common Rail: beak red: head dusky : the neck, back, and tail ferruginous ; the last rather long : wing-coverts the same as the back : the primary quills black : the fore part of the neck, the breast, and belly reddish, clouded with brown: legs red. Inhabits Ceylon. Veo il. Poe: 14 210 SANDWICH RAIL. (Rallus Sandvicensis.) Ra. pallide ferrugineus, supra maculis obscuris, rostro pedibusque cinereis. Pale ferruginous Rail beneath with obscure spots, the beak and legs ash-coloured. Rallus Sandwichensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn. Piao: Sandwich Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 236. Tue Sandwich Rail is small: its beak is dusky ash-colour: the prevailing colour of the plumage is pale ferruginous: the feathers on the upper parts darkest in the middle: tail short, hid by the upper coyerts : legs dusky flesh-colour. Inhabits the Sand- wich Islands. , BLACK RAIL. (Rallus niger.) RA. corpore toto fusco-nigricante, rostro flavo, pedibus rubris. Rail with the entire body of a dusky brown, the beak yellow, the ~ legs red. Rallus niger. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2.759. Black Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 236. LenerH nine inches: beak yellow at the base ; brown at the tip : the prevailing colour of the plumage BLUE-NECKED RAIL. 211 is dusky black, deepest on the head: the legs dusky brown or reddish. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. BLUE-NECKED RAIL. (Rallus czrulescens.) Ra. fusco-ruber, corpore subtus albo, collo antice pectoreque pal- lide ceruleis, hypochondriis nigro albogue transversim lineatis. Brown-red Rail with the body beneath white, the neck in front and breast pale blue, the flanks transversely striped with black and white. ; Rallus cerulescens. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.716. Lath, Ind. Orn, 2.758. Blue-necked Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 234. Nor quite eight inches in length ; beak red; the upper ridge and tip dusky : all the upper parts of the head, neck, and body reddish-brown : the chin, fore part of the neck, and breast pale blue ; from thence to the vent white, transversely streaked on the sides with black : vent white: legs red. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 212 DUSKY RAIL. (Rallus obscurus.) Ra. fusco-ferrugineus striis nigris subtus ferrugineo-fuscescens, pedibus rubro-fuscis. Rusty brown Rail with black striz, beneath ferruginous-brown, the legs red-brown. Rallus obscurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 718. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 759. Dusky Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 237. Leneru six inches: beak dusky black: edges of the mandibles yellowish: all the upper parts of the plumage deep brown, tinged with ferrugmous, and streaked with black : under parts ferruginous-brown : legs red brown. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands. TABUAN RAIL. (Rallus tabuensis. ) RA. corpore toto nigro subtus pallidiore, palpebris irtdibusque rubrise Rail with the entire body black, paler beneath, the eyelids and irides red. Rallus tabuensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 759. Tabuan Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 235. RED-BREASTED RAIL. 213 A SMALL species, only six inches and a half in length: beak black: eyelids and irides red: prevail- ing colour of the plumage above brownish-black ; beneath dusky: legs reddish-brown. It varies in having the plumage more inclined to brown: the vent white, transversely barred with black lines : legs red. Inhabits Tongataboo, Otaheite, Tanna, and other islands in the great Pacific Ocean. RED-BREASTED RAIL. (Rallus ferrugineus.) Ra. nigricans subtus cinereus, collo pectoreque ferrugineis, hypo- chondrits albo transversim lineatis, superciliis pallidis. Dusky Rail ashy beneath, with the neck and breast ferruginous, the flanks transversely striped with white, the eyebrows pale. Rallus ferrugineus. Gmel. Syst. Nat..1.716. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 108s Red-breasted Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5, 234. _ Tus is in length nine inches: its beak is pale: the prevailing colour of its plumage on the upper parts of the body is dusky: over the eye is a white line: the hind parts and sides of the neck and the breast are ferruginous: the under parts of the body are ash-colour: the sides barred with narrow white lines: the legs yellow. Native place unknown. 214 OTAHEITE RAIL. (Rallus Tahitiensis.) Ra. cinereus, corpore supra rubro-fusco, gula remigibusque latere exteriore albis, caudé nigra. Cinereous Rail with the body above red-brown, the neck and external quills white at the side, the tail black. Rallus Tahitiensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.759. Otaheite Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5, 256. LencTu six inches: beak black : the head, neck, and all the under parts of the body dark ash-colour, palest on the chin: the upper parts and wing-coverts are deep red-brown: the quills are dusky edged with white: the edges of the wing and the first quill white: tail rounded and black: legs dusky yellow : claws black. Inhabits Otaheite and the Friendly Islands. BARBARY RAIL. (Rallus Barbaricus.) Ra. fuscus, alis albo maculatis, uropygio albo nigroque vario, crisso albo. : Brown Rail with the wings spotted with white, the rump varied with black and white, the vent white. PACIFIC RAIL. 915 Rallus Barbaricus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.719. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 760. Barbary Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 240. Less than a Plover: beak black : belly and breast dark brown, or ferruginous: back the same, but darker : wings spotted with white: rump variegated above with black and white streaks, beneath white : legs dark brown. Inhabits Barbary. PACIFIC RAIL. (Rallus Pacificus.) Ra. niger albo punciatus, alis fasciatis, corpore subtus albido, capite fusco, pectore cinereo-cerulescente. Black Rail dotted with white, the wings fasciated, the body be- neath whitish, the head brown, the breast ashy-blue. Rallus Pacificus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.717. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 758. Pacific Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 235. Size of the Common Rail: beak blood-red, with a pale brown tip: irides red: over the eyes a whitish streak: head brown: nape ferrugimous: back and rump black, sparingly sprinkled with small white spots: wings short, deep black, variegated with in- terrupted white fascize: quills brown: throat white : breast bluish-ash colour: belly, sides, and vent whitish: tail very short, black, spotted with white: legs flesh- colour: claws pale. Inhabits Otaheite and the ad- jacent islands. 216 CAPE RAIL. (Rallus Capensis.) Ra. ferrugineus subtus albo nigroque fasciatus. Ferruginous Rail fasciated beneath with black and white. Rallus Capensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.716. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2 758. Cape Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 234. Beak black: head, neck, back, and upper parts of the breast ferrugmous: the lower part of the breast, the belly, thighs, vent, quills, and tail undulated with black and white: the two middle tail-feathers are ferruginous : the legs are deep blood-red. In- habits the Cape of Good Hope. a is the size of the Common Crake. 217 ORTYGOMETRA. CRAKE. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, basi || Beak shorter than the head, crassum, ad apicem atte- nuatum et compressum, acutum : mandibula supe- thick at its base, attenu- ated and compressed at’ the tip, acute; the upper mandible rather incurved, and swollen towards the tip. Nostrils oval, lateral, placed in the middle of the beak, and half closed by a mem- riore paulo incurvata, et ad apicem subtumida. Nares ovales, laterales, in medio rostri sitee, membra- nula semiclause. brane. Pedes validi, tetradactyli ; fissi, digitis tribus anticis: pollex basi in terram in- sistente: tibize fere plumis Legs strong, four-toed, cleft, with three toes before : the base of the hinder toe rest- ing on the ground: the tibia nearly clothed with feathers. tectze. ORTYGOMETRA. Ray, Briss. RALLUS. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Briss. PORPHYRIO. Briss. GALLINULA. Ray, Lath., Temm. FULICA. Linn., Gmel. "THE chief distinction between the Rails and the ' Crakes consists in the comparative length of the beak, 218 CORN CRAKE. that part being in the former genus larger than the head, and in the latter shorter. From the Crakers they differ in their more robust form of body as well as their shorter wings and legs, which afford good characters of discrimination. Their manners are somewhat similar, and their food consists of insects and vegetables. CORN CRAKE. ~ (Ortygometra Crex.) Or. grisea pennis medio nigricantibus, alis rufo-ferrugineis, cor- pore subtus albo-rufescente. Grey Crake with the middle of the feathers dusky, the wings of a red-rust colour, the body beneath reddish-white. Rallus Crex. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 261. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.711. Gallinula Crex. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 766. Ortygometra. Rai, Syn. 58. 4. Briss. Orn. 5. 159. Porphyrio rufescens. Briss. Orn. 5. 533. Rale de Genet, ou Roi de Cailles. Buff: Ois. 8. 146. pl. 12. Buff. Pl. Enl. 750. Poule-d’eau de Genet. Temm. man. d’Orn. 444, Id. 2 Edit. ii. 686. Land Hen. Will. 316. Daker Hen, or Rail. Alb. Birds, 1. pl. 32. Crake Gallinule. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2.412. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.216. pl. 75. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 250. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 170. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 190. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 116. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 1. 311. BETWEEN nine and ten inches im length: its beak is light brown: irides hazel: a streak of pale ash- Hy 4 wi) ii ‘ PEMA las Pl. 26. CORN CRAKE. CORN CRAKE. 219 colour extends over each eye from the beak to the side of the neck : all the feathers on the upper parts of the plumage are of a dark brown, edged with pale ferruginous: the wing-coverts and quills are deep chesnut : the fore parts of the neck and breast are pale cinereous: the belly.is yellowish-white: the sides, thighs, and vent are faintly marked with rusty-co- loured streaks: the legs are pale flesh-colour. This species affects woody places, and high herbage or corn-fields in the vicinity of water, or in marshy places, where it breeds, making a nest of a few dry plants carelessly put together, and lays ten or twelve eges of a dull white, marked with rust-coloured spots. It is much sought after for the delicacy of its flesh ; but it is a difficult bird to spring, hiding itself amongst the thickest part of the herbage, and running so nimbly through it that it is difficult to come near: it seldom springs but when driven to extremity, and generally flies low, with its legs hanging down. It is a migrative species, appearmg in England about the end of April and departing m October: on its first appearance the male is frequently heard to utter its singular cry, which resembles the words Creh-crek- crek, rapidly repeated, and has been compared to the noise made by drawing a finger along the teeth of a comb. At this time the bird is extremely lean, scarcely weighing six ounces; but before its departure it becomes excessively fat, and exceeds eight ounces in weight. Its food is chiefly worms, snails, and in- sects, and occasionally seeds and various vegetables. It is found in most parts of Europe, but is more plentiful in some years than in others. 220 CAYENNE CRAKE. (Ortygometra Cayanensis.) On. olivaceo-fuscus, vertice subtusque rufus, genis nigricantibus, remigibus nigris. Olive-brown Crake, with the crown and under parts red, the cheeks dusky, the quills black. Rallus Cayanensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.718. Lath. Ind, Orn. 2. 760. Le Kiolo. Buff: Ovs. 8. 164. Le Rale de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 368. Cayenne Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 238. Rale a ventre roux de Cayenne. Buff. Pl. Enl. 753. var. LeneTu seven or eight inches: beak brown: the crown of the head rufous, as are all the under parts but the vent, which is pale: all the upper parts of the plumage and the thighs olive-brown: the quills are black: from the nape a broad dusky black band passes through and beneath the eyes: the legs are reddish-brown. One commemorated by Buffon (Enl. 7583.) was rather smaller: the upper parts of its plu- mage of a deeper brown: its crown chesnut: the chin and vent rufous-white: and the broad streak through the eye blue-grey: the under parts deep rufous, passing on to the vent and the thighs, but the insides and lower parts of the last are dusky. It is probably the opposite sex to the first described. Common in Cayenne and Guiana, in the latter country particularly, frequenting the thick bushes and shrubs, amongst which it builds its nest: its cry is JAMAICA CRAKE. 221 sharp, and is said to resemble the word kzolo, from whence its name is derived. ‘ JAMAICA CRAKE. (Ortygometra Jamaicensis. ) Or. fusco-rufescens teniis nigricantibus, collo subtus pectoreque cerulescente, capite nigro, abdomine femoribus hypochon- drusque fusco alboque undatis. Reddish-brown Crake streaked with dusky, the neck beneath and breast czrulescent, the head black, the abdomen, thighs, and sides waved with white and black. Rallus Jamaicensis. Briss. Orn. Sup. 140. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 718. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 761. Le Rale Bidi-bidi. Buff. Ois. 8. 166. Least Water Hen. Edw. Birds, pl. 278. Jamaica Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 239. CauLep Bidi-bidi in Jamaica, according to Buffon: it is a small species: its length is six inches: its beak is black, with its base reddish: the head and throat are black: the upper parts of the head, neck, and back are rufous-brown, streaked with dusky-black : the wing-coverts are brown, with white spots: the quills are rufous-brown, with black bars; the secondaries with white spots: the fore part of the neck and the breast are bluish-ash colour: the belly, sides, and thighs are barred with white and brown: the tail is as the greater quills, varied with a few white spots : legs brown. 222 RED-TAILED CRAKE. (Ortygometra phenicura. ) Or. fronte incarnato, corpore nigro, vertice subtus genisque albis, crisso cauddque ferrugineo-rubris. , Crake with the forehead flesh-coloured, body black, the crown, under parts and cheeks white, the vent and tail rusty-red. Rallus phenicurus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.715. Gallinula phenicura. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.770. Red-tailed Gallinule. ath. Gen. Syn. 5. 259. Lenecrtu nine inches: beak yellowish-green, with its base reddish: bare part of the forehead flesh-co- loured ; the rest of the forehead, round the eyes, and under parts of the plumage white: the upper parts of the plumage black : quills the same, marked with large bluish spots: the vent and tail rusty-red: the legs dirty-green, tinged with red: toes long. In- habits the Island of Ceylon; where it is common, and is called Kalu-kerenaka. YELLOW-BREASTED CRAKE. ~ (Ortygometra noveboracensis.) Or. fusca, scapularibus margine flavescentibus, pectore flavo, ab- domine albo. Brown Crake with the margins of the scapulars yellowish, the breast yellow, the abdomen white. SPOTTED CRAKE. 293 Fulica noveboracensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.701. Gallinula noveboracensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.771. Yellow-breasted Gallinule. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 410. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 262. Samp to be smaller than a Quail: the crown of the head and hind part of the neck dark olive-brown, spotted with white: the back plain brown: the sca- pulars edged with yellowish-white: the breast dirty yellow: legs brown. Inhabits New York. SPOTTED CRAKE. (Ortygometra Porzana.) Or. fusco-olivacea nigro alboque variegata, subtus cinerea albido varia, rectricibus duabus intermediis albo-marginatis. Olive-brown Crake varied with black and white, beneath grey varied with white, with the two middle tail-feathers edged with white. Rallus Porzana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.262. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 712. Gallinula Porzana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 772. Rallus aquaticus minor, sive Maruetta. Briss. Orn. 5. 155. pl. 13.f. 1. Gallinula ochra Gesneri. Rai, Syn. 115. Petit Rale d’eau, ou le Marouette. Buff. Ois. 8.157. Buff. Pl. Enl. 751. Temm. man. d’Orn. 446. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 688. Spotted Gallinule. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2.215. Penn. Arct. Zool. Sup. 69. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 264. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 172. Lew. Brit. Birds,5.192. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 122. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Supp. Water Crake. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. pl. 10. 224 SPOTTED CRAKE. LencTu about nine inches: beak yellowish-green, with its base red: its forehead, eyebrows, and throat are leaden-grey: the sides of its head are grey, marked with black : the upper parts of the body are olive- brown, with each feather black in the centre, and varied with delicate spots and streaks of pure white: the breast and the under parts of the body are olive, shaded with ash-colour, and spotted with white; the spots on the breast being rounded, and on the sides disposed in transverse bands : the middle tail-feathers are edged with white : the under tail-coverts are pure white: the legs are yellowish-green: the irides brown. The adult female has the ashy colour on her throat and neck less extended: the sides of the head are spotted with brown, and the base of her beak is not so red. In the autumn both sexes have the beak of an olive-green with a brown point. The young, pre- vious to moulting, have the throat of an ashy-white, sprinkled with white spots; or whitish with small brown streaks: and on the under parts of the plumage the white spots are more numerous than in the adults: the under tail-coverts are bright red. This inhabits the borders of the rivers, lakes, and ponds, where reeds, rushes, and other elevated aquatic plants abound: its nest is curiously constructed of rushes, and other light buoyant materials, woven and matted together, so as to float on the surface of the water like a boat; and to prevent its being swept away by floods, it is fastened to the pendent stalk of one of the reeds, by which it is also skreened from the sight. The female lays seven or eight white eggs ; and the young, which at first are dusky black, take a LITTLE CRAKE. 925 to the water as soon as hatched. In its habits this species exhibits great circumspection ; it is wild and solitary, concealing itseif, and skulking under any cover, and very difficult to rouse. It is scarce in Great Britain, and is a migrative species, appearing with usin April and disappearing in October: it is also found in France and Italy in the spring, but sparingly, and in other parts of Hurope, the south of Russia, and in Siberia. Its food consists of in- sects and small slugs; and in defect of these, aquatic vegetables, and their seeds. LITTLE CRAKE. ~-(Ortygometra minuta.) Or. fusca subtus rufescens, dorso alisgue maculis strisque pallidis, superciliis fasciisque hypochondriorum caudeque albis. Brown Crake reddish beneath, with the back and wings with pale spots and striz, the eyebrows and fascie on the flanks and tail white. Rallus minutus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.719. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 761. Le petit Rale de Cayenne. Buff: Ois. 8. 167. Buff: Pl. Enl. 847. Little Rail. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 239. A veERY small species, measuring only five inches in length: its beak is brown: over the eye is a white streak : the upper parts of the body are brown; the back and scapulars darkest, and streaked with white : V. XII. P. I. 15 226 OLIVACEOUS CRAKE. the wing-coverts are black, spotted with white: the quills are brown: the sides of the body are waved black and white: the under parts of the body are pale dusky-yellow : the chin and throat nearly white, and the belly inclining to ash-colour: the tail is barred with black and white: the legs are pale yellow. In- habits Cayenne. OLIVACEOUS CRAKE. (Ortygometra olivacea.) Or. corpore supra fusco-nigricante, pennis margine fusco-olivacets, subtus fusco-cinereo, remigibus nigricantibus margine extertore oltvaceo. Crake with the body above dusky brown, with the margins of the feathers olive-brown, beneath ashy-brown; the quills dusky, their outer margins olivaceous. Olivaceous Gallinule. Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp. App. Gallinula Foljambii. Mont. Orn. Dict. Supp. App. with a figure. Tuts apparently new species is thus described by Montagu: “ Length seven inches and a half: breadth ten inches and a half: the beak is nearly three quar- ters of an inch long, of a greenish-yellow colour, the base red: irides and orbits bright red, inclining to orange: cheeks and forehead dusky cinereous : sides of the neck and throat pale cinereous : breast, belly, and thighs plain dark cinereous, or slate colour, like the Water Rail, without spots or markings of any kind: the back of the head deep olive-brown : hind OLIVACEOUS CRAKE. Q27 neck lighter, being of a yellowish-olive: the feathers of the back have a mixture of olive-brown and dusky black, the margins being mostly of the former colour, with paler edges: scapulars dusky black, with broad olive margins: coverts of the wings olive-brown : quills dusky, the outer webs edged with olive: rump and upper coverts of the tail very dark olive-brown, with a mixture of dusky black: the feathers of the tail are of a deep dusky brown, the shafts paler, and the lateral ones margined with olive-yellow : vent and under coverts of the tail dusky cinereous, some of the feathers deeply margined with sullied white: sides behind the thighs olive, slightly margined on the last: the legs, toes, and knees olive.” The above description was given by Montagu in the Appendix to the Supplement of his Ornithological Dictionary, from a specimen rescued from oblivion by Mr. Foljambe, who picked it up in a poulterer’s shop early in the month of May, 1812, together with some other valuable birds, which had recently been received from the fens in Norfolk. He also mentions that another specimen was obtained by Mr. Plastead of Chelsea, that was shot on the banks of the Thames near that place, and at the same time. The two spe- cimens resembled each other in every respect. BAILLON’S CRAKE. (Ortygometra Baillonii.) Or. rufo-olivacea, subtus cerulescens, dorso alisque albo macu- latis ; hypochondriis abdomine tectricibusque caude inferioribus albo nigrogue transversim fasciatis. Olive-red Crake, beneath bluish, with the back and wings spotted with white ; the flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts trans- versely striped with black and white. Poule d'eau Baillon. (Gallinula Baillonii.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 692. LencrTu near seven inches: the beak is deep green: irides reddish : the threat, eyebrows, sides of the neck, breast, and belly, are bluish-grey, shaded on the sides of the body with olivaceous, and thickly spotted with white: the upper parts are olive-red, varied on the top of the head with black stripes: on the back and on all the wing-coverts are numerous white spots of various forms, all of which are surrounded with deep black : the sides, abdomen, and under tail-coverts are transversely rayed with broad bands of deep black and straight bands of pure white: the legs are flesh- colour. The female merely differs from the male in having the colours less brilliant and the spots paler. The young resemble the old in the colour of the upper parts; but the throat and the middle of the belly are white, waved with grey and olivaceous zigzag lines : the sides are olivaceous, shaded with numerous pure white spots: the beak is brownish-green. This species greatly resembles the Little Craker, PU, 27. eh Wivokany) ae My Ld ny) ii 4 TH : B oT CRAKE. BAILUON 'S BAILLON’S CRAKE. 229 and its habits are somewhat similar: it frequents the marshy lakes, and is greatly expanded over the eastern parts of Europe; but more abundant towards the south, in the vicinity of Genoa: it is found in several provinces of France, and throughout Italy. Its nest is always placed near the water; and the female lays seven or eight eggs of an olive-brown. Its food re- sembles that of the foregoing bird. 230 ZAPORNIA. CRAKER. Generic Character. Rostrum gracile, capite bre- vior, attenuatum, com- pressum, acutum ; mandi- bula superiore graduatim incurvata. Nares lineares, laterales, ad basin rostri site. Collum elongatum, gracile. Pedes \ongi, graciles, fissi, digitis tribus anticis: pol- lex basi a terra elevata: tibie seminude. RALLUS. Gmel., Lath. GALLINULA. Beck., Temm. ZAPORNIA. Leach. Beak slender, shorter than the head, acuminated, com- pressed, acute: the upper mandible curved. gradually in- Nostrils linear, lateral, placed at the base of the beak. Neck elongated and slender. Legs long, slender, cleft, with three toes in front: the hinder foe elevated from the ground at its base: the tibz@ half naked. OF this genus, which was separated by Dr. Leach from the Crakes, there is but one species known, which is a native of the southern parts of Europe, and has once occurred in England. It may be distin- guished from the Crakes by the prevailing slimness of its form: the beak is slenderer than that of the Crakes, and it does not possess that depression on ©) Rae . ey um? ied 4 4 res ~ enh Noa pet yes Yael sip i) f > ary. Le eet ie oni: a | <7 ws oa oi , +0) Ning fay z wh Hohe! 2-40 ate icy: wear | bce A fi . bi er Ab ge £1.28. s S LITTLE CRAKER LITTLE CRAKER. 231 the upper ridge of the superior mandible, which gives a swollen appearance to that part of those birds: the nostrils are more linear: the neck is longer and slen- derer, and the body is more compressed than in the Crakes. Again, the legs are strikingly different ; these parts being much longer, as well as having their tibie divested of feathers nearly half of their length, whereas in the Crakes they are stout, and clothed almost to the knee. In this genus also the wings are very different in structure ; the first quill bemg con- siderably shorter than the other, which are suddenly though gradually diminished im length to the inner one; the wing itself reaching to the tip of the tail. LITTLE CRAKER. (Zapornia pusilla.) Za. ferrugineo nigrogue lineata, corpore subtus nigro fasciolis albis, jugulo pectoreque cerulescentibus. Craker striped with rust-colour and black, the body beneath black with white fasciole, the jugulum and breast bluish. Zapornia minuta. Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. p. 34. Rallus pusillus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.719. Lath. Ind. Orn. Zs 761. Gallinula pusilla. Beckstein. Temm. man. d’Orn. 448. Poule d’eau naine. Temm. man. d’Orn. 447. Poule d’eau poussin. Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 690. Dwarf Rail.~ Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 323. Little Gallinule. Mont. Orn. Dict. Sup. Tuis interesting little species is scarcely eight inches in length: its beak is bright green, with its 232 LITTLE CRAKER. base reddish : irides red: the throat, eyebrows, sides of its neck, its breast, and belly are ash-coloured : the upper parts of the plumage are olive-grey, with the central part of each feather dusky: on the top of the back is a large black space varied with several white streaks: the abdomen and sides are rayed with indistinct bands of white and dusky: the under tail- coverts are black rayed with white: the legs are green. The female has only the eyebrows and the sides of the head of a pure ash-colour: her throat is whitish : the fore part of the neck, the breast, and the belly, are reddish-ash: the outer webs of the tail-coverts are shaded with yellowish-red. ‘The young have their colours less brilliant: nearly all the throat is whitish : the white dashes on the back are less numerous and smaller than in the adult, and the feathers of the sides of the body are brown, banded with white. Found on the borders of rivers, lakes, and pools, amongst rushes and other aquatic plants, in great abundance in the eastern countries of Europe: com- mon also in Germany and Italy, but rare in France and Holland. Only one specimen has, as yet, been seen in England, which was killed near Ashburton, in Devonshire, in the year 1809. Its food consists of insects, small slugs, and aquatic plants: its nest is constructed amongst rushes, or coarse aquatic plants : it lays seven or eight yellowish eggs, spotted with brown. FULICA. 233 COOT. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, rec- tum, basi crassum, conico- convexum ; mandibula su- periore pauld curvata, basi latiore. Nares oblonge, in medio rostri site, membrana se- miclause. Frons nuda. per totum longitudinum membranis fissis emargi- natis. FULICA Auctorum. Beak shorter than the head, thick at the base, conic- convex; the upper man- dible rather: curved, broadest at the base. Nostrils oblong, placed in the middle of the beak, and half-closed by a mem- brane. | Forehead naked. Pedes tetradactyli; digitis | Leg’s four-toed ; the toes fur- nished with scalloped cleft membranes their whole length. THe remarkable structure of the membranes on the toes of the Coots, at once distinguishes them from the Gallinules, which they otherwise greatly resemble: the inner toe is furnished with two of these appendages, or rather scallops, the middle one with three, and the outer with four; the hinder toe has a simple membrane only, extending its whole length. The body is much compressed. 234 COMMON COOT. Coots occur in various parts of the continents of Europe, Asia, and America: they feed upon insects and aquatic vegetables: they moult but once a year: they delight in marshy and wet places, and hide themselves during the day, skulking about of an evening in search of food. | COMMON COOT. + (Pulica atra.) Fu. fronte incarnatd, corpore nigricante, armillis luteis. Coot with the front flesh-colour, the body dusky, the armilla yellowish. Fulica atra. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.257. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 702. Briss. Orn. 6. 23. pl. 2.f.2. Rati, Syn.116. A. Lath. Ind. OR 2. Ud ils Fulica aterrima. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.258. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 703. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 778. Fulica major. Briss. 5. 28. pl. 2.f. 2. Raw, Syn. 117. Le Foulque, ou Morelle. Buff: Otis. 8. 211. pl. 18. Buff: Pl. Enl. 197. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 503. La Grande Foulque, ou la Macroule. Buff. Ois. 8. 220. Foulque Macroule. Yemm.man.d’Orn. 454. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 706. Greater Coot. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. No, 211. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.277. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 168. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 137. Common Coot. Penn. Brit. Zool, 2. No. 220. pl. 77. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. No. 416. Alb. Birds, 1. pl. 83. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.275. Lath. Syn. Sup. 259. Lath. Syn. Sup. ii. 328, Walc. Syn. 2. 167. Lewin. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 195. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 106. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. and Sup. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 133. elt COOT. F1, 29. COMMON COOT. 935 Youne.—Fulica xthiops. Sparrman. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 704. VaRiETyY.—Fulica leucoryx. Sparrman. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 703. LrenetTu about sixteen inches: its beak is white, slightly tinged with rose-colour : irides crimson : the head and neck deep black: the upper parts of the plumage of a slaty black ; and all the under parts of a greyish-blue: the frontal plate is pure white, and very large: the legs are ash-colour, tinged with green ; with a ring of yellow or reddish-green above the knees. The female has the frontal plate smaller: in other particulars she resembles the male. The young, before moulting, have the frontal plate very small; it, and also the beak and legs, are olive- grey; and the under parts of its plumage are greyish- white: after the first autumnal moult, the frontal plate increases in size, and the under parts of the plumage become tinged with reddish, : It is sometimes, chore rarely, found of a pure white, or white with a slight tinge of the usual colours: also with white wings, and the rest of the plumage as usual. The Coot is a very common bird in this country, particularly in the Southampton river, and in the Isle of Sheppey: in the last place it is much esteemed as an article of food : it is extremely abundant in Hol- land and on the lakes of the interior of France : it is also found in Germany and Switzerland on the bor- ders of the rivers, but less numerous. It is likewise said to inhabit other parts of Europe, even as high as Sweden, Norway, and Greenland ; also various parts of Asia and North America. 236 WILSON’S COOT. It breeds on the borders of lakes, rivers, and large ponds, forming a nest of flags amongst the reeds, and other aquatic plants, close to the surface of the water, and rendered buoyant by accumulating a quantity of materials together for the purpose of keeping the eggs dry: the latter are from eight to a dozen in number, generally the former, of a dirty white, sprinkled with small deep brown and red spots. As soon as the young are hatched they plunge into the water, dive and swim about with great freedom, but do not quit the mother for some time: they are at first covered with a sooty-coloured down. These birds generally go in quest of their food in the dusk of the evening and at night; it consists, for the most part, of herbage, seeds, insects, and slugs, and sometimes small fish. They rarely leave the water, except for food, as they fly and walk very awkwardly. WILSON’S COOT. +~(Fulica Wilsoni.) Fu. fronte saturate-castaneo, corpore nigricante, crisso nigro, tec- tricibusque caude inferioribus albis. Coot with the front deep chesnut, the body dusky, the vent black, the under tail-coverts white. Fulica Americana. Sabine. Frank. Journ, App. 690. Common Coot. Wils, Amer. Orn, ix, p. 1. pl. Ixxiii. f. 1. WILSON’S COOT. 237 Tur chief distinctions between this species and the former consist in the callous on the forehead being in this bird of a deep chesnut, as particularly mentioned by Wilson: the feathers of the vent are quite black, and the under tail-coverts white; but in the Common Coot these parts correspond with the rest of the plu- mage; and the frontal callous is white: both species are of similar length, but the present one is inferior in the size of its body, legs, head, and beak; the latter part is thinner and slighter, and considerably shorter than in the former bird, and the callous extends but half an inch over the head: the general colour of the plumage corresponds in the two birds, but the outer margin of the primary wing-feather is more con- spicuously marked with white, and there are a few white feathers on the upper edge of the wing in this species. These birds inhabit various parts of North America, and make their appearance in Pennsylvania in the beginning of October among the muddy flats and islands of the river Delaware, which are overgrown with reeds and rushes, and are periodically over- flowed: they are not very abundant: their food con- sists of various aquatic plants, seeds, and imsects, as in the former species. 238 CINEREOUS COOT. » (Fulica Americana.) Fu. fronte albida, corpore cinereo, gula abdomineque medio albis. Coot with a whitish front, the body grey, the throat and middle of the abdomen white. Fulica Americana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.704, Lath. Ind. Orn. 27/9. Cinereous Coot. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 279. A SMALL species, less than the common one: its beak is pale green: the bare part of the forehead is white: the general colour of the plumage is dusky- ash, palest beneath : its chin and down the middle of the belly are dusky-white: the legs are blue-black : the membranes of the toes are narrower than in any other of the species. It is said to inhabit North America; and is probably the young of the pre- ceding. MEXICAN COOT,. *(Fulica Mexicana.) Fu. fronte coccinea, corpore pallide wirescente cyaneo fulvoque variegato, subtus capite colloque purpureis. Coot with the forehead deep red, the body variegated with pale green, blue, and fulvous; beneath, with the head and neck, purple. CRESTED COOT. 239 Fulica Mexicana. Briss. Orn. 6.31. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.704, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.779. Fulica Mexicane altera species, Yohoalcoachithis. Ray, Syn. 117. Mexican Coot. Lath. Gen. Syn. 8. 278. Larcer than the Common Coot: its beak is red, with a yellow tip: its forehead is red : its head, neck, breast, belly, thighs, under wing and tail-coverts are purple: its quills are pale green: its back, rump, and wing-coverts are the same, but varied with blue and fulvous. Inhabits Mexico. CRESTED COOT. © (Fulica cristata.) Fv. caruncula rubra bifida erectd, corpore ceruleo-nigricante. Coot with a red, bifid, erect caruncle, the body of a dusky blue. Fulica cristata. Gmel. Syst. Nat.1.704. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.779. Grande Foulque de Madagascara créte. Buff: Ois. 8.222. Buff: PI. Enl. 797. Crested Coot. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 278. pl. 90. A very singular species inhabiting Madagascar: it is larger than the Common Coot, measuring eighteen inches in length: its beak is red at the base, and whitish towards the tip: the crown of the head is bare, of a deep red, and rising into a bifid, detached, crest-like membrane: the entire plumage is blue- black: its legs are dusky, with a ring or garter above the knee of these colours, viz. red, green, aud yellow. 240 GALLINULA. GALLINULE. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, rec- || Beak shorter than the head, tum, basi crassum, supra straight, thick at the base, convexum, compressum, convex above, compressed, ad apicem pauld tumi- rather swollen at the tip; dum; mandibula superiore the upper mandible co- margo inferioris tegente. vering the margin of the || lower. Frons nuda. Forehead naked. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di- || Legs four-toed, cleft ; the toes gitis membrana recta, in- furnished with a straight, tegra, instructis. | entire membrane. GALLINULA. Ray, Briss., Lath., Cuv., &c. FULICA. Linn., Gmel. PORPHYRIO. Briss. THE beak of the Gallinules somewhat resembles that of the Rails, but the naked forehead is a suf- ficient characteristic mark of distinction between the two genera, added to which, the slight membrane surrounding the toes is also a strong distinctive character. ‘There are but few species in this genus; and their manners, as far as known, resemble those detailed of the common species. CRESTED GALLINULE ? (Gallinula? cristata.) Ga.? fronte cristaté rubra, corpore supra cinereo-virescente, subtus capite colloque cinereis, abdomine medio albo. Gallinule? with a red frontal crest, the body above ashy-green, beneath, the head and the neck ashy, the middle of the ab- domen white. Fulica cinerea. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 702. Gallinula cristata. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 773. Crested Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 267. Lenetu eighteen inches: beak brownish: fore- head and crown of the head bare, and reddish, rising at the back part into a knob: the head and neck ash- colour: chin mottled with white: body and wings greenish-ash colour; outer edge of the latter pale: under parts of the body pale ash: middle of the belly white: legs very stout and brown. Supposed to inhabit China. Vel Mile Ee te 16 242 COMMON GALLINULE. (Gallinula chloropus.) Ga. corpore nigricante, crisso albo, fronte fulva, armillis rubris. Gallinule with the body dusky, the vent white, the forehead fulvous, and the armille red. Fulica chloropus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.258. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 698. Gallinula chloropus. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 770. Gallinula chloropus major. Raz, Syn. 113. A. Briss. Orn. 6. 3. pl. 1. Poule d’eau. Buff: Ois. 8.171. pl. 15. Buff. Pl. Enl. 877. Poule d’eau ordinaire, ou commune. Temm. man. d’Orn. 448. Id. 2 Edit. ii. 693. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 502. Common Water Hen, or Moor Hen. Ald. Birds, 2. pl. 72. 3. pl. 91. Bew. Brit. Birds, 2. 128. Common Gallinule. Penn. Brit. Zool. 2. 217. pl. 77. Penn. Arct. Zool. 2. 411. Hayes Brit. Birds, pl. 30. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.258. Lew. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 191. Walc. Syn. 2. pl. 169. Don. Brit. Birds, 5. pl. 110. Mont. Orn. Dict. 1. Youne.—Fulica fusca. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 257. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 697. Gallinula fusca. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 771. Gallinula minor. Briss. Orn. 6. 6. Rallus Italorum Aldrovandi. Raz, Syn. 116. La Poulette deau. Buff: Ois. 8. 177. Brown Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 260. Axsour fourteen inches in length: the base of the beak and the broad frontal plate are bright red; the tip of the beak is yellow: the irides red: the head, the throat, the neck, and all the under parts of the plumage are of a bluish-slate colour: the upper PU,30. = COMMON GALLINULE » COMMON GALLINULE. 245 parts are deep olive-brown: the outer edge of the wing, and the under tail-coverts are pure white: several large longitudinal stripes of this last colour are on the sides of the body; and the three or four central feathers of the tail-coverts are shaded with deep black: the legs are yellowish-green, with a red circle or garter above the knees. The female differs in having the shades of the plumage less distinct. The young differ considerably from the adults till after their second autumnal moulting: the tip of their beak is olive-green, shading into olive-brown towards the base: the frontal plate is not very large, and is of a deep olive-colour: the irides are brown: the top of the head, the nape, back and rump, are olive-brown: the wing-quills are deep brown, ter- minated with a lighter shade: the tail is also deep brown: the eae the fore part of the neck, and a stripe beneath the eye are whitish: the rest of the under parts are bright griseous, shaded with olive on the sides: the legs are olivaceous, tinged with yel- lowish above the knee. During the ae year they have the beak paler, and the tinges of colour on the under sides of the plumage clearer. The frontal plate varies in size and colour at the different periods of growth of the bird. This seems to be a pretty generally distributed species, being found throughout the European and African continents, and is very common in England: affecting sedgy and slow rivers, streams of water, and ponds abounding with weeds, where it can lie concealed: it runs fast, and is equally expert im swimming and diving: it flies badly, with its legs Q4A ORIENTAL GALLINULE. hanging down; and when disturbed will frequently perch: when in the act of running or swimming it is continually flirting up its tail. Its nest is made of flags or rushes, and placed near the surface of the water on the branch of a tree or bush, or on the stump of an old willow, in the most retired situations. The female lays from five to eight eggs, of a light yellowish-brown, marked with rust-coloured spots: the young are hatched in about three weeks, and in- stantly take the water: they are covered with a black down; and are often destroyed by pikes and other voracious fish. Their chief food consists of water imsects, small fishes, worms, aquatic plants, and seeds: they wilk also eat grain. ORIENTAL GALLINULE. (Gallinula orientalis.) GA. clypeo frontali ovato oculos feré attingente. Gallinule with an ovate frontal clypeus, nearly touching the eyes. Gallinula orientalis. Horsfield. Linn, Trans. xiii. 195: Tris species differs from the preceding in being considerably smaller, and in having a much wider and differently shaped frontal clypeus: its length is thirteen inches. Inhabits Java. 24:5 JAVA GALLINULE. (Gallinula Javanica.) Ga. supra nigra, subtus alba, uropygio flavescente ferrugineo. Gallinule above black, beneath white, with the rump of a yel- lowish-rust colour. ; Gallinula Javanica. Horsf. Linn. Trans. xiii. 196. Dr. Horsfield observes that the frontal clypeus is short, circumscribed, marginated, and slightly cari- nated in the middle; that it greatly resembles the Red-tailed Water-Hen (Ortygometra pheenicura), but is more than a third larger; has a black tail, and the clypeus of a different form. It is between fourteen and fifteen inches in length: the forehead and the sides of the head are white: the axille and the lateral parts of the abdomen are black. Inhabits Java. CARTHAGENA GALLINULE. + (Gallinula Carthagena.) Ga. fronte caerulea, corpore toto rufo. Crake with the forehead blue, and the entire body rufous. Fulica Carthagena. Linn, Syst. Nat. 1.258. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1, 700. Gallinula Carthagena. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. i“ ov. Carthagena Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 76 25 tN 246 GRINETTA GALLINULE. A very plain species, having its body wholly ru- fous, with the bare space at the forehead blue: it is the size of the Coot. GRINETTA GALLINULE. (Gallinula neevia.) Ga. corpore rufescente nigro maculato, collo subtus cinereo-caeru= lescente maculis nigris, supercilits albidis. Gallinule with the bedy reddish, spotted with black, the neck beneath ashy-blue spotted with black, the eyebrows whitish. Fulica nevia. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 701. Gallinula nevia. Lath. Ind. Orn. 1. 772. Porphyrio nevius. Briss. Orn. 5. 438. Poliopus, Gallinula minor. Rai, Syn. 114. La Grinette. Buff. Ois. 8.179. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 502. Small Water Hen. Alb. Birds, 2. pl. 73. Grinetta Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 263. La Poule d’eau tachetée, ou Grineite. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 502. Lencru scarcely ten inches: beak and irides yel- lowish-green: plate on the forehead yellow: the head and upper parts of the plumage black; the feathers edged with rufous, and those of the back with white: the wing-coverts are rufous, transversely varied with zigzag lines: the quills are dusky-brown, outwardly edged with white : over the eye is a streak of white: the throat is bluish-ash, or slate-colour: the fore part of the neck and the breast the same, tinged with olive, and spotted with black: the belly and thighs MOURNFUL GALLINULE. 24:7 pale rufous: the sides transversely barred with black and white: the tail is coloured like the wings, but the two middle feathers have both margins white: it is rounded in shape: the legs are dirty green: toes long. Inhabits Italy, about Bologna and Milan: at the former place called Grinetta. MOURNFUL GALLINULE. (Gallinula lugubris.) Ga. plumbeo-nigrescens, tectricibus et plumis dorsalibus margini- bus pallidioribus, remigibus fuscescentibus, margine alarum an- teriore allo. Blackish lead-coloured Crake, with the coverts and dorsal feathers edged with paler, the quills brownish, the anterior margin of the wing white. Gallinula lugubris. Hors. Linn. Trans. xiii. 195. Lenetu twenty inches: the back of a dusky lead- colour, glossed with brownish: the feathers of the vent transversely fasciated with white: the abdomen marked with very delicate brownish fasciz: the shoul- ders paler and fasciated with white: the secondary quill pale, and edged with brown. Inhabits Java: called Bonlod. 248 GULAR GALLINULE. (Gallinula gularis.) Ga. fusca subltus pallide gilva fusco transversim undulata, tec- tricibus et plumis dorsalibus sordido gilvo marginatis, rec- tricibus canescente fuscis, gula alba. Brown Crake beneath pale gilvous transversely waved with brown, the coverts and dorsal feathers edged with dull gilvous, the tail-feathers hoary brown, the throat white. Gallinula gularis. Hors. Linn. Trans. xiii. 195. LENGTH seventeen inches: inhabits Java: called Bureneg. 249 PORPHYRIO. PORPHYRIO. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, co- nico-convexum, compres- sum, acutum, ad apicem paulo tumidum; mandi- bulaé superiore margines inferioris tegente. Beak shorter than the head, conic-c onvex, compressed , pointed, towards the tip slightly swollen; the upper mandible covering the edges of the lower “ one. Nares \aterales. Nostrils lateral. Frons nuda. Forehead naked. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi, sim- plices ; digitis longissimis. Legs four-toed, cleft, sim- ple; the toes very long. PORPHYRIO. Ray, Briss., Cuv., Temm. FULICA. Linn., Gmel. GALLINULA. Lath. PARRA. Lath. JACANA. Briss., Ray. CREX. Ray. ‘THESE birds have the beak higher in proportion to its length than the Gallinules or Coots, but like them the forehead is divested of feathers: this frontal plate is sometimes rounded and sometimes carinated at the top. This genus is also distinguished by its manners from either of the above, as well as by the 250 FAVOURITE PORPHYRIO. prevailing colours of the plumage, which in the Por- phyrios are usually beautiful tints of brilliant blue, violet, or green. ‘They feed on various articles, such as fruits, roots of grass, and grain; and, while feed- ing, usually stand upon one leg and lift their food to their mouth with the other, like the Parrot. They are found in the temperate and tropical cli- mates of both continents. FAVOURITE PORPHYRIO. > (Porphyrio flavirostris.) Po. fronte rubra, corpore supra ceruleo subtus uropygioque albo, remigibus caudaque fuscis. Porphyrio with a red front, the body above blue, beneath and rump white, the quills and tail brown. Fulica flavirostris. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 699. Gallinula flavirostris. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 769. La Favorite de Cayenne. Buff: Ois. 8.207. Buff. Pl. Enl. 897. Favourite Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 256. Inuapits Cayenne: length twelve inches : its beak is yellow: the upper parts of its plumage deep blue: the sides of the head and neck paler: the fore part of the neck bluish-white : the belly, thighs, and rump white: the quills and tail brown, the last darkest : the legs long and yellow. 251 MADAGASCAR PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio Madagascariensis.) Po. purpureus subtus viridis ceruleusve, capite griseo-ceru- lescente, rostro pedibusque rufis. Purple Porphyrio beneath green or bluish, with the head grey- blue, the beak and legs red. Gallinula Madagascariensis. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. \xviii. Gallinula poliocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. Sup. Ixviii. var. Grey-headed Water Hen. Lath. Syn. Sup. 11. Add. 375. ‘“* Beax red and large, and rising on the forehead : head and neck blue-grey, growing to azure towards the chin: back purple: wings and tail deep indigo : breast and belly verditer-green : vent white: tail m- digo: legs scarlet. Another, said to come from Ma- dagascar: beak the same, but not coming so high on the forehead: head and neck pale grey: back deep green and black intermixed: chin, breast, and shoul- der of wings, verditer-green: belly and sides blue: vent ultramarine: legs and bare part of the thighs scarlet.”? Latham thus describes these two birds, which are probably but varieties of each other. 252 CROWING PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio purpureus. ) Po. fronte rostroque rubente, corpore saturate purpureo albo vario. Porphyrio with the forehead and beak reddish, the body dark purple, varied with white. Fulica purpurea. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1. 699. Gallinula purpurea, Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.769. Porphyrio Americanus. Faiz, Syn. 116. L’Acintli. Buff: Ois. 8. 208. Crowing Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 257. Tue beak and forehead of this species are reddish : the irides are fulvous: the general colour of the plu- mage is dark purple, with a few white feathers inter- mixed: the legs are greenish-yellow. This species is said to crow like a Cock, from whence its name: it inhabits Mexico, and resides in the marshes; and though its principal food consists of fish, its flesh is not considered bad. MARTINICO PORPHYRIO. ! (Porphyrio Martinicus.) Po. fronte ceruled, corpore viridis c@rulescente, crisso albo, pe- dibus flavis. Porphyrio with the front blue, the body green-blue, the vent white, the legs yellow. Fulica Martinica. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 259. Gmel, Syst. Nat. 1. 700. MARTINICO PORPHYRIO. DAS r= Gallinula Martinica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 769. Porphyrio minor? Briss. Orn. 5. 526. pl. 42. f. 2? La petite Poule-Sultane. Buff. Ois. 8. 206. Martinico Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 255. pl. 88. Lath. Syn. Sup. 258. Gallinula Porphyrio. Wils. Amer. Orn. v, ix. p. 67. pl. Ixviit. fd: ‘“‘ LenGTH about twelve inches: beak thirteen lines long, yellow, with a red base: forehead bald and blue: irides red: the plumage in general of a fine glossy green; but the head, neck, and under parts are of a changeable blue: the vent white: quills and tail dusky, edged with green: legs yellow: toes very long and slender.’? Latham gives the above description of this species, and to it adds the follow- ing remark: ‘‘ I have seen many of these birds, both from Cayenne and the West India Islands, all of which answered to the above description, except one, which had the upper parts of the plumage blue-green, tinged with brown: the crown of the head brown: beneath white: a little mottled with black in the middle of the belly, and greatly so across the lower part of the neck, just above the breast: chin quite white : legs brown.” He suspects this to be the op- posite sex, and adds, that they have been brought alive to England, and fed on rice, bread, lettuces, and such like food, and bore confinement well. 254 INDIAN PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio Indicus.) Po. olivaceo-niger subtus fuliginosus, jugulo pectore humerisque viridis, lateribus colli abdomineque purpureis, crisso albo. Olivaceous-black Porphyrio beneath smoky, with the jugulum, breast, and shoulders green, the sides of the neck and abdomen purple, the vent white. Porphyrio Indicus. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 194. Lenotu nineteen inches: general colour black, with a dark olivaceous gloss: the head and belly smoky : the jugulum, breast, and shoulders sea-green: the sides of the neck and abdomen purple: the vent white: the frontal clypeus very broad and produced beyond the eyes, and jomed to the culmen of the beak: the middle toe, with its claw, the length of the tarsus: the clypeus and legs red: the spurs on the wings short, very acute, and hidden. Inhabits Java: called Pellung. GREEN PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio viridis.) Po. corpore supra obscure viridis subtus albo, fronte rostro pedi- busque viridi-flavescentibus. Porphyrio with the body above obscure green, beneath white, with the forehead, beak, and legs greenish-yellow. Fulica viridis. ‘Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 698. Pl. 31. jy Wy, tj, Ly ZZ sini SLE ty a PURPLE) PORPHYRI O . PURPLE PORPHYRIO. 255 Gallinula viridis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 769. Porphyrio viridis. Briss. Orn. 5. 529. La Poule-Sultane verte. Buff. Ois. 8. 204. Green Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 257. Tue Green Porphyrio is eleven inches and a half in length: its beak and the bare part of the forehead are greenish-yellow: the upper parts of the body are dull green; the under white: the legs are greyish- yellow, and the claws grey. Inhabits the East Indies. PURPLE PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio erythropus.) Po. fronte rubra, corpore viridi, subtus violaceo. Porphyrio with the front red, the body green, beneath violet. Fulica Porphyrio. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.258. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.699. Raz, Syn. 116. Gallinula Porphyrio. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 768. La Poule-Sultane. Buff. Ois. 8. 194. pl. 17. Le Taleve de Madagascar. Buff. Pl. Enl. 810. Purple Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 254. Televe 4 manteau vert. (Porphyrio smaragnotus.) Temm. man. d’Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 700. A HIGHLY elegant and beautiful bird :.its length is scarcely eighteen inches: its beak is deep red: its irides are fulvous: the bare space of the forehead is red: the head and hind part of the neck are glossy violet : its back, rump, and scapulars are dull glossy 256 HYACINTHINE PORPHYRIO. green: quills the same, with their inner margins brown : its cheeks, throat, fore part of the neck, and under part of the body violet-blue: tail dull green, and rounded in shape: legs very stout and deep red. The female is similar in colour, but smaller. Native of most of the warm countries of the old world. It is found in abundance in southern Africa, the island of Madagascar, and the Isle of France ; likewise in the Kast Indies and the adjacent islands. It is frequently kept in the parks of the south of France on account of its beauty: a pair kept in an aviary in that country made a nest of small sticks, mixed with straw; and the female laid six white eggs, perfectly round. The manners of these birds are very gentle, and they are said to be easily tamed: they feed principally on small fish; but will also devour fruit, seeds, the roots of plants, and grain. Their flesh is said to be excellent. ROE ESS a HYACINTHINE PORPHYRIO- (Porphyrio hyacinthus.) Po. fronte pedibusque rufis, corpore ceruleo, tectricibus caude inferioribus albis. Porphyrio with the front and legs red, the body blue, and the under tail-coverts white. Teléve Porphyrion. (Porphyriohyacinthus.) Temm. man. d’Orn- 2 Edit. ii. 698. Purple Water Hen. Edw. Birds, pl. 87. HYACINTHINE PORPHYRIO. Q5F Lexeru from the tip of the beak to that of the tail about twenty inches: the cheeks, the throat, all the fore part and sides of the neck of a beautiful turquoise-blue: the occiput, nape, thighs, and abdo- men of a very deep but not brilliant indigo: the back, wing-coverts, and the larger wing and tail-fea- thers of shining indigo-blue: the under tai!-coverts pure white: the frontal and coronal plates, as well as the beak, bright red: irides lake: the legs and toes fiesh colour. This species inhabits the marshy borders of rivers and large lakes: it is very abundant in the rice fields and aquatic situations in most of the south-eastern parts of Europe, especially in the Grecian Archipe- lago, the Levant, Calabria, the Ionian Islands, and Sicily. It also occurs in less profusion in Dalmatia, and the southern provinces of Hungary ; likewise in the south of Russia, the neighbourhood of the Cas- pian Sea, and in Persia. It is said to subsist on corn, grasses, the seeds of aquatic plants, and on their roots; also upon fruits and small fishes: the female constructs her nest of sticks and twigs among the high herbage of the marshy places, where she resides. The eggs are three or four in number, white, and nearly round. Ve ela es: As 17 258 BLACK-HEADED PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio melanocephalus.) Po. fronte fulva, corpore ceruleo, capite colloque nigris. Porphyrio with the forehead fulvous, the body blue, and the head and neck black. Fulica melanocephala. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 699. Gallinula melanocephala. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 768. Porphyrio melanocephalos. Briss. Orn. 5. 526. A. Black-headed Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 257. Tue head and neck of this bird are black; the rest of the plumage a fine cerulean blue: the fore- head is fulvous. ‘The female is said by Buffon to have a deep fulvous crown: the upper parts of the body the same, with white streaks on the scapulars : the wings greenish, tinged with fulvous: the quills greenish-blue. Inhabits America. MADRAS PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio Maderaspatanus.) Po. cinereus subtus albus, collo subtus pectoreque maculis lunatis nigris. Ash-coloured Porphyrio white beneath, with the neck beneath and breast with lunated black spots. Fulica Maderaspatana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 700. Gallinula Maderaspatana. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 767. BLACK-BACKED PORPHYRIO. 259 Porphyrio Maderaspatanus. Briss. Orn. 5. 543. Crex Indica. Razi, Syn. 194. pl. 1. f. 4. L’Angoli. Buff. Ois. 8. 205. Madras Gallinule. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 253. A LARGE species, the size of a Duck : its beak and legs are rather long: the bare space on the forehead is white: the upper parts of the plumage are fine ash colour ; the quills are edged with black: the sides of the head, and the under parts of the plumage are white: at the lower part of the neck are several crescent-shaped black spots: the tail is short. Found in the vicinity of Madras, and at Malabar. BLACK-BACKED PORPHYRIO. (Porphyrio melanotus.) Po. rostro fronte pedibusque coccineis, dorso alis remigibus cau- ddque splendide nigris, corpore subtus pallidiore, collo pectore hypochondriisque ceruleis, tectricibus caude inferiortbus albis. Porphyrio with the beak, front, and legs crimson, the back, wings, quills, and tail glossy black, with the body beneath paler, the neck, breast, and flanks blue, the under tail-coverts white. Televe A manteau noir. (Porphyrio melanotus.) Temm. man. d Orn. 2 Edit. ii. 701. Lenoru about seventeen inches: the beak, frontal plate, legs, and toes fine crimson-red: the back, mantle, wings, quills, and tail beautiful glossy black : the head, cheeks, middle of the belly, and the thighs 260 BRASILIAN PORPHYKRIO. black, but less deep than the former described parts : the neck, breast, and flank of a clear indigo tint : the inder tail-coverts white. Inhabits New Holland. BRASILIAN PORPHYRIO. ~~ (Porphyrio Brasiliensis.) Po. nigro-viridaus, capite collo pectoreque violaceo-variantibus, rectricibus nigro-viridantibus, tectricibus subtus albis. Green-black Porphyrio with the head, neck, and breast varied with violaceous, the tail-feathers of a black-green, the coverts beneath white. Parra viridis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. t. 708. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 763. Jacana. Briss. Orn. 5. 121. Gallinula Brasiliensis, Jacana dicta. Rai, Syn. 115. Le Jacana vert. Buff: Ors. 8. 189. Green Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 243. Narive of Brasil, and thus described by Latham : ‘‘ Size of a pigeon: beak more than an inch long; the colour half red, half yellow: the fore part of the head covered with a round membrane the colour of a turquoise: the head, throat, neck, and breast blackish-green, glossed with violet : back, rump, sca- ulars, coverts of the wings and tail, belly, and thighs blackish-green: quills and tail much the same: under tail-coverts white: toes very long; the middle one two inches and a half in length: claws also long and yellow.” IO] WHITE PORPHYRIO? (Porphyrio? albus.) Po.? fronte rostro pedibusque rufis, corpore toto albo. Porphyrio? with the forehead, beak, and legs red, the entire body white. Gallinula alba. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 768. . White Gallinule. Lath. Syn. Sup. it. 327. Latuam says of this bird that it is the “ size of a Hen: length two feet : beak very strong, and much the same in shape and colour as that of the Purple Gallmule (Porphyrio chloropus): a bare red space, in like manner, is also on the crown: irides red: round the eye, the skin visible through the slender covering of feathers: the whole of the plumage in general is of a pure white: legs red: claws brown : at the bend of the wing a sharp spur. Sonte of these, supposed to differ in sex, are of a bright blue between the shoulders, and spotted on the back with the same.”’ ‘These inhabit Norfolk Island, and are there very common : are exceedingly tame, imsomuch as to be easily knocked down with a stick.’? He proceeds to state his suspicion that this species is merely a variety of the Purple Gallinule before-mentioned ; but, in- dependent of the spur at the bend of the wing, its large size will not allow it to be associated with that species. PARRA. JACANA. Generic Character. Rostrum mediocre, rectum, || Beak medial, straight, la- jiateratim compressum, ad terally compressed, some- apicem tumidiusculum, || what swollen towards the acutum, basi carunculatum tip, acute, its base carun- vel glabrum. culated or bald. Nares subovate in medio || Nostrils nearly oval, placed rostri site. in the middle of the beak. Ale calcaratee. Wings armed with spurs. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di- || Legs four-toed, cleft, with gitis et unguibus rectis, the toes and claws straight longissimis. and very long. PARRA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., Cuv., Vieil., &c. JACANA. Briss. GALLINULA. Ray. Tuts genus is distinguished from the rest of the Waders by the extraordinary length of the toes and claws, which in some of the species are so extremely long, as to incommode the individuals when walking. The chief use of this singular conformation appears to be that of enabling the birds to procure their sustenance (which consists of worms, small fishes, and aquatic insects) in the marshes, as their length allows them to walk upon the surface of the plants Win yee ug ink Avy. Ma Ry, LU,.22. COMMON JACANA . COMMON JACANA. 263 which grow in those situations with the greatest facility. They are noisy and quarrelsome birds. A. Rostro basi carunculato. A. With the beak carunculated at its base. COMMON JACANA. (Parra Jacana.) Pa. castaneo-purpurea, pallio rufo, remigibus primoribus viridi- bus, caruncula aurantia. Chesnut-purple Jacana, with the pallium red, the primary quills green, the caruncle gold colour. Parra Jacana. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.259. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 707. Lath. Ind. Orn, 2. 762. Jacana armata fusca. Briss. Orn. 5, 125. pl. 11. f. 1. Gallinula Brasiliensis quarta Marcgravii. Razz, Av. p. 115. Le Jacana. Buff: Ois. 8.185. pl. 16. Buff: Pl, Enl. 322. Spur-winged Water Hen. Edw. Birds, pl. 357. Chesnut Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 241. Youne.—Parra variabilis. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.260. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 708. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 763. Jacana armata varia. Briss. Orn. 5. 129. Le Jacana varié. Buff. Ois. 8. 192. Le Jacana du Brasil. Buff. Pl. Eni. 846. Spur-winged Water Hen. Edw. Birds, pl. 48. Variable Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn, 5. 244. LenertH nearly ten inches: beak upwards of an inch long, and orange-coloured: the head, throat, neck, breast, and the rest of the under parts are black : the back, wing-coverts, and scapulars bright 264 COMMON JACANA. chesnut: spur on the wing yellow, and a quarter of an inch in length: the bend of the wing varied with black : the quills olive-yellow, tipped and partly edged with dusky; the outer quill margined throughout its length: tail rounded, chesnut tipped with black ; the two middle feathers varied with brown: legs greenish-ash. The young or Variable Jacana, of Latham, is thus distinguished: its beak is orange- yellow: crown of the head brown, with darker spots : the hind part of the neck the same, but deeper in co- lour: above the eye a white stripe, passing down on each side of the neck, and accompanied by a black one, which varies at the base of the beak, and passes through the eye: sides of the head, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, belly, thighs, and under tail- coverts white; the sides of the belly and base of the thighs being slightly sprinkled with reddish spots : wing-spur yellow: scapulars pale brown : lesser wing- coverts purplish-chesnut ; the middle ones brown ; the greater black: the four inner quills are brown, the rest green, margined with black at their ends, and the outer one entirely so on its exterior web : legs bluish-ash. | Inhabits Brasil, Surmam, St. Domingo, and other parts of South America and the West Indies ;_ fre- quenting marshy places, sides of ponds, &c. generally in pairs, and wade in the water in search of food: they ere very shy and noisy, their note very shrill, and may be heard at a great distance. CHILI JACANA. (Parra Chilensis.) Pa. violacea, capite nigro, collo subtus ad pectore medio nigro; abdomine albo, remigibus cauddque fuscis, occipite subcristato. Violet Jacana with the head black, the neck beneath to the middle of the breast black, the abdomen white, the quills and tail brown, the occiput slightly crested. Chili Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 324. Parra Chilensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.707. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 765. Tue Chili Jacana is about the size of a Magpie: its beak is two inches in length, and slightly bent at the tip: its irides are yellow: the forehead has a bilobed red caruncle: the occiput is slightly crested : the hinder part of its neck, its back, and wings are violet : the fore part of the neck to the middle of the breast is black: its belly is white: quills brown: spur at the bend of the wings yellow, and half an inch long: tail short and brown: legs black: toes shorter than usual with the species of this genus. Inhabits the plains of Chili, feeding upon insects and worms: it is a noisy species; and builds its nest among grass, laying four fulvous eggs, spotted with black. ‘The male and female keep together. Its flesh is said to be good eating. 206 SUPERCILIOUS JACANA. (Parra superciliosa.) Pa. atro-viridis nitens, lineis superciliaribus albis, dorso alisque olivaceo-nitentibus, remigibus nigris, uropygto caudaque ferru- gineis nitore violaceo. Dark shining green Jacana, with white superciliary lines, the back and wings glossy olive, the quills black, the rump and tail rust-colour glossed with violet. Parra superciliosa. Horsfield. Linn. Trans. xiii. 194. Dr. Horsfield adds to the above : caruncle rounded above, spurs of the wings obtuse. Inhabits Java. B. Rostro bast glabro. B. Beak with its base bald. BRONZED JACANA. (Parra znea.) Pa. nigra, cerulea violaceaque nitens, capite colloque viridt-niten- tibus, uropygio rectricibusque sanguineis, maculé albé pone — oculos. Black Jacana glossed with blue and violet, the head and neck glossy green, the rump and tail-feathers blood-red, a white spot behind the eyes. Le Jacana bronzé. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1, 498. Parra enea. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 498. PI.23. \ ih ’ HVA Mi i” = Mar Vv ne. Re ES BRONZED JA TAN A : INDIAN JACANA. 207 A HIGHLY elegant species, with the prevailing co- lour of its body black, brilliantly glossed with blue and violet reflections: its head and neck to the upper parts of its breast are of a brilliant bronzed-green colour: behind the eye is a dash of white: the quills are black: the wing-coverts yellowish or dirty lu- teous: the rump and tail are blood-red. Inhabits Brasil. ; INDIAN JACANA. (Parra Indica.) . Pa. c@ruleo-nigricans, dorso alisque fuscis, superciliis albis, ad rictum oris macula rubra. Dusky-blue Jacana with the back and wings brown, the eye- brows white, and a red spot near the gape. Parra Indica. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 765. Indian Jacana. Lath. Syn. Sup. 257. Beax yellow, with the base of its upper mandible dusky-blue; and near the gape a spot of red: a white streak passes over the eye, and reaches some distance down the side of the neck : the head, neck, and upper parts of the body are deep blue-black : the back and wings. are dirty ashy-brown ; as are the quills, but darker, with a tinge of violet: legs dirty yellowish- brown. Inhabits India; and is a shy bird, frequent- ing stagnant lakes ; and building its nest upon float- ing materials, among weeds, near the banks. 208 AFRICAN JACANA. (Parra Africana.) Pa. cinnamonea, collo subtus albo, pectore flavescente nigro vario, vitta per oculos collo postice remigibusque nigris. Cinnamon Jacana with the neck beneath white, the breast yel- lowish varied with black, a stripe through the eyes, the neck behind and the quills black. Parra Africana. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.709. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 764. African Jacana. SJiath. Gen. Syn. 5. 246. pl. 87. Tue disproportionate length of the toes of this species gives it a very remarkable appearance, by no means elegant: it is figured by Latham, and de- scribed by him in the following words: ‘ Length nine inches and a half: beak dusky, of a pale brownish horn-colour at the tip: forehead bare: the upper parts of the plumage of a very pale cinnamon-colour : chin and throat white: breast of a tawny-yellow, mottled and barred on the sides of it and the neck with black: the under parts from thence like the back, but darker: greater quills black: on the mner_ part of the bend of the wing a short blunt spur: through the eye, passing to the hind part of the neck, quite to the back, black: legs greenish-black : toes and claws very long; hind claw an inch and a half in length. Inhabits. Afriea.’’ 269 CHINESE JACANA. (Parra Sinensis. ) Pa. castaneo-vinacea, capite collo anteriore tectricibusque alarum albidis, collo postico lutescente, rectricibus quatuor intermediis elongatis. Vinaceous-chesnut Jacana with the anterior part of the neck and wing-coverts whitish, the postericr part of the neck yel- lowish, the four middle tail-feathers elongated. Parra Sinensis. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.709. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2.764. Chinese Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5.246. Lath. Syn. Sup. 256. pl. 117. Lath. Syn. Sup. 11. 324. Le Jacana a longue queue. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 498. Youne.—Parra Luzoniensis. Gel. Syst. Nat. 1. 709. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 764. Le Chirurgien de I’'Isle de Lugon. Sonner. Voy. 82. Luzonian Jacana. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 245. Lath. Syn. Sup. 256. A. VERY pretty species; and the adult bird is thus commemorated by Latham: “ Size of the Gold Phea- sant: length two feet: beak bluish: front of the head, cheeks, fore part and sides of the neck white; hind part of the head black, descending in a line on each side of the neck to the breast : the back part of the neck, behind this, of a yellow buff-colour : between the neck and back gilded brown: all the under parts from the breast deep purple: back and scapulars reddish-brown: wing-coverts white: quills brown ; the secondaries edged with white; the ends of some of the primaries grow very narrow towards the tips, and end almost in a point; at the bend of the wing a 270 CHINESE JACANA. short, sharp, horn-coloured spur: the (four) middle tail-feathers half the length of the bird, and shaped like those of the Gold Pheasant: (two) of them longer than the others, ending in a point; the adjoin- ing one (on each side) less sharp at the end, and marked near the tip with an oval spot of white: legs green.” The young bird is also described, by the same cele- brated author, by the name of the Luzonian Jacana, from the Voyage of Sonnerat as follows: ‘ beak of a greyish-colour, straight, and a little enlarged at the end: top of the head deep brown: over the eye a stripe of white passing down on each side of the neck, and changing into pale yellow behind the eye : through the eye another stripe of an ash-colour ac- companies the first quite down to the wing : the back is brown: the under parts, from the chin to the vent, white, except a large spot of brown on the breast: at the bend of the wing is a sharp spur: the lesser wing-coverts are white, the others pale brown, trans- versely barred with black; the second quills white ; the prime ones black; from the three last of these arise three naked shafts, two inches long, and ending in a lance-shaped feathered point; they spring from the middle of the feather to which they belong, the shaft appearing as divided, or branching into two at that part: the toes and claws are very long, and of a dusky black. Inhabits China, India, Java, and the adjacent coun- tries and islands; frequenting the low marshy borders of the sea and rivers. CHAUNA. 271 CHAUNA. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, basi plumulis tectis, conico- convexum, subfornicatum, apice curvato. Vertex simplex. Lore nude. Ale calcaria dua armatee. Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di- gito postico apice solo in- sistens; wngues posticis intermediisque feré rectis. CHAUNA. Beak shorter than the head, its base clothed with small feathers, conico-convex, slightly arched, its tip curved. Crown simple. Lores naked. Wings armed with two spurs. Legs four-toed, cleft; the hinder foe resting on its base alone; the hinder and intermediate claws nearly straight. Illig., Cuy., Temm. PARRA. Linn., Gmel., Lath. OPISTOLOPHUS. Vieil. Tus genus greatly approaches to the Screamer, from which, however, it may be at once distinguished by the absence of the corneous appendage on the crown of the head ; and from the occiput being orna- mented with an elevated crest, and the head and upper part of the neck being clothed with down. © =~ we FAITHFUL CHAUNA. (Chauna Chavaria.) Cu. corpore supra fusco, collo abdomineque nigris, temporibus gulaque albis. Chauna with the body above brown, the neck and abdomen black, the temples and throat white. Parra Chavaria. Linn: ap Nat. 1.60. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 709. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 764. Faithful Jacana. Lath. ie Syn. 5. 246. Le Chaia du Paraguai. Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 499. Tus appears to be a very rare bird ; at least, but few specimens have ever been brought to Europe. It is about the size of the dunghill Cock, but stands a foot and a half from the ground: its beak is conic, slightly bent, and of a dirty white colour ; at its base, on each side, is a red membrane, extending to the temples ; in the middle of this the eyes are placed : its irides are brown: its occiput is adorned with about a dozen blackish feathers, forming an impend- ing crest three inches in length: the rest of the neck is thickly covered with black down : under the beak and temples pure white : the body is brown: the wings and tail blackish, shaded with grey; the latter short : the legs are long, strong, and of a yellowish- red colour ; aa its toes are so long as to entangle each other in walking. On the authority ‘08 Jacquin, ‘Pinas gives the following history of this bird: It inhabits the rivers, Jakes, and Sie near the river Cinu, about thirty FAITHFUL CHAUNA. Qa leagues from Carthagena in South America. It feeds on vegetables: its gait is solemn and slow; but it flies easily and swiftly : it cannot run unless assisted by the wings at the same time. When any part of the skin is touched by the hand, a crackling is felt, though it is very downy beneath the feathers; and this down adheres so closely as to enable the bird at times to swim, notwithstanding the length of its legs and of its cleft feet; which latter enable it also to walk on the aquatic plants of the pools. It has two strong and pointed spurs on the bend of the wing, which are, however, hidden when the latter is closed, but when expanded they become formidable weapons, aided by the strong and lengthened wing ; and by means of them it is able to drive off birds as big as the Carrion Vulture, and even that bird itself. The natives, who keep poultry in great numbers, have one of these tame, which goes along with the flock about the neighbourhood to feed during the day, when this faithful shepherd defends them against birds of prey: it never deserts the charge committed to its care, although able to fly, but returns home with them safe in the evening. It is so tame as to suffer itself to be handled by a grown person, but will not permit children to attempt the same. Its voice is clear and loud, but far from agreeable, » a S| ps GO 18 «dD ~) = pee CARIAMA. CARIAMA. Generic Character. Rostrum capite longior, basi | rotundato, et fasciculo plu- mis elongatis, rigidis, de- compositis, ornato, apice tumido, adunco. Nares ovate. Alle simplices. Pedes tetradactyli; digiti brevissimi, anteriores basi membranula connexi, pol- lex a terra elevata, CARIAMA. Ray, Briss., Cuv. PALAMEDEA. Linn., Gmel., DICHOLOPHUS. Illig. MICRODACTYLUS. Geof. LOPHORHYNCHUS. Vieil. Beak longer than the head, its base rounded and orna- mented with a tuft of elongated, stiff, and de- composed feathers, the tip swollen, hooked. Nostrils oval. Wings simple. Legs four-toed; the toes very short, the anterior ones connected by a small mem- brane at the base, the hen- der toc elevated from the ground. Lath. rAN Luis genus has the beak longer and more hooked than in the two preceding genera, and the legs are long, and possess very short toes, which are, more- P2F- 24 a re pe i 7 ee umtmanati= —t r — or ape HL ede CRESTED CARIAMA. ai CRESTED CARIAMA. Q75 over, furnished with a membrane at the base: the hinder toe is elevated from the ground. In general habit it approaches very nearly to the birds of prey, and also a little towards the Herons. There is but one species known, which is a native of South Ame- rica, and feeds upon lizards and insects. CRESTED CARIAMA. (Cariama cristata.) Ca. capite, collo, corporegue griseis, rufo fuscogue variis, alis cau- daque fuscis. Cariama with the head, neck, and body grey, varied with red and brown, the wings and tail brown. ‘Palamedea cristata. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1.232. Gimel. Syst. Nat. 1.616. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 669. Cariama. Briss. Orn. 5.516. Buff: Ois.7.325. Razi, Syn. 96. Crested Screamer. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 20. Microdactylus cristatus. Geoff: Ann. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. xiii. pl. 26. Native of South America, and larger than a Heron : its beak is yellowish-brown : irides gold co- lour: on the forehead, at the base of the beak, is a tuft of black feathers, variegated with ash colour: the head, neck, and body are grey, varied with rufous and brown; the latter colour predominating on the wings and tail: the legs are dull yellow: the claws brown. 276 CRESTED CARIAMA,. This species feeds upon lizards and insects, which it procures on the borders of forests and open places, where it chiefly resides : it flies but seldom, and very badly : its voice resembles that of a young Turkey, and is very strong. Its flesh is much esteemed, and the bird is frequently domesticated. PALAMEDEA. SCREAMER. Generic Character. Rostrum capite brevior, basi plumulis tectis, conico- convexum, subfornicatum, apice adunco. Vertex cornu, cylindrico, recto, acuto, armatus. Nares ovate. Ale calcaria dua instructe. | Pedes tetradactyli, fissi; di- gito postico apice solo in- sistens. Beak shorter than the head, its base clothed with small feathers, conico-convex, slightly arched, its tip hooked. Crown armed with a cylin- drical, straight, acute horn. Nostrils ovate. Wings furnished with two spurs. Legs four-toed, cleft; the hinder toe resting on its tip alone. PALAMEDEA. Linn., Gmel., Lath., &c. In many respects this genus resembles the pre- ceding, but the beak alone possesses sufficient cha- racters of discrimination, as it is not swollen at its tip, and the upper mandible is somewhat arched: it is also further distinguished by the singular corneous appendage on the forehead, which is moveable at the pleasure of the bird, and by the inferior length of the QS HORNED SCREAMER. hinder claw, as well as by the larger and more robust form of the only species yet known. HORNED SCREAMER. ( Palamedea cornuta.) Pa. corpore nigricante, albo variegato, abdomine infertore femo- ribusque albis, rostro pedibusque nigris. Screamer with a dusky body, variegated with white, the lower part of the abdomen and the thighs white, the beak and legs black. Palamedea cornuta. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 232. Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.615. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 669. Anhima. Briss. Orn. 5.518. Razz, Syn. 96. Le Kamicki. Buff. Ois. 7. 335. pl. 18. Buff: Pl. Enl. 45). Cuv. Reg. Anim. 1. 499. Horned Screamer. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 18. pl. 74. As large as a Turkey: its length upwards of three feet: its beak is black: from the crown of the head springs a slender horn of more than three inches in length, and pointed at the end: irides golden: the plumage of the head, neck, and upper part of the body is black ; that of the head and neck edged with grey and downy: the under parts of the wings are pale rufous, which appears at the edges of them and on the shoulders when closed: at the bend of the wing are two strong, sharp, horny yellow spurs, the longest of which is upwards of an inch and a half in length: the belly, thighs, and vent are white: the Ne ty LID: Y 4 if if Vip My Wo, WY, We ip HORNED SCREAMER. HORNED SCREAMER. 279 tail is black: the legs dusky. The sexes resemble each other. _ This is a rare species, and is found in Cayenne, Guiana, Brasil, and other parts of South America, residing in the marshes and wet savannas, chiefly in the neighbourhood of the sea. ‘They are said by some authors to construct their nest of mud, in the shape of an oven, on the ground, but by others, to build it either amongst oe at some distance from the ground, or amongst rushes : they lay two eggs the size of those of a goose: ‘the | young are brought up in chet nest till able to provide for themselves : they are often eaten by the natives. They are never found alone, but always in pairs; and their fidelity is said to be such, that when one dies the other never departs from the carcass, but dies with its companion ! Their voice is extremely loud and harsh, and resem- bles the words vyhoo, vyhoo, according to Buffon. — eS a] we 280 CHIONIS. SHEATHBILL. Generic Character. Rostrum robustum, ¢rassum, conico-convexum, com- pressum, mandibulé su- perlore supra vagina mo- bili cornea tecta. Nares parvee, vix ante va- ginam conspicue. Facies nuda, papillosa. Ale subflexuva nodo obtuso munitee. Pedes robusti, tetradactyli, parumper supra genua nudi; digito exteriore me- dio basi membrand con- nexo. CHIONIS. Forster, Vieil. VAGINALIS. Gmel., Lath. Beak strong, thick, slightly convex, compressed, the upper mandible covered with a moveable corneous sheath. Nostrils small, scarcely ap- pearing beyond the sheath. Face naked and papillated. Wings with a blunt knob at their bend. Legs stout, four-toed, naked a little way above the knee; the outer foe connected by a membrane to the middle one. ONE species only is known of this extraordinaty genus, and of its manners but little has been hitherto observed. In addition to the characters above given, it may be obseryed, that the remarkable appendage to its beak is placed at its base, and covers the WHITE SHEATHBILL. 281 nostrils, except on the fore part, and descends so low on each side of the beak as to hang over part of the under mandible; it is moveable, and may be raised upwards, or depressed so as to lay flat on the beak itself. ‘The tongue is also singular, being round above, flat beneath, and pointed at the end. The legs are very stout and short, resembling those of the Gallinacee : the toes are edged with a thick mem- brane ; the hinder one is elevated from the ground ; and the claws are channelled beneath. WHITE SHEATHBILL. (Chionis Forsteri.) Cu. pennis toto niveo-albis. Sheathbill with the plumage entirely snowy-white. Vaginalis alba. Gmei. Syst. Nat. 1. 705. Vaginalis Chionis. Lath. Ind. Orn. 2. 774. White Sheathbill. Lath. Gen. Syn. 5. 268. pl. 89. Penn. Gen. Birds, p. 43. Varies in length from fifteen to eighteen inches : its beak is black at its base ; its appendage or sheath yellowish and moveable : the papillee or warts on the face extend from the base of the beak beyond the eyes, which they surround; they are of a pale orange colour, except a larger one over the eye, which is brown or blackish: the entire plumage is of a beau- tiful snowy white: knob at the bend of the wings blackish: legs bare a short distance above the knees, 282 WHITE SHEATHBILL. and generally of a reddish colour (sometimes brown, white, or pale blue): claws black. ‘The young birds want the papille round the eyes, or have them very indistinct. This very singular and remarkable bird inhabits New Zealand, Kerguelen’s Land, Staaten Land, and other parts of the southern hemisphere, frequenting the sea shores in flocks, feeding on mollusca and car- rion, which latter makes their flesh highly offensive, though some persons pronounce it to be equal in flavour to that of the duck; while others could not venture to taste it, on account of its abominable offensive smell, even when pressed by hunger. It was discovered during the voyage of our cele- brated circumnavigator Cook. TNS Den OX TO VOL? XIE =“PART T. Apou Hannes, Bruce 3 5 ; page 10 Acacalotl, Ray . i alle Addarana . : ao Arquata, Ray . Oe minor, Ray . ao AVOSET 172 American 175 common SUS long-legged, Wils. 179 — New Holland 176 —— oriental Wis —— scooping, Penn. 173 — Terek, Penn. &t2° 83 Barker, Albin. 133 Bilcock 192 Bird, crying, Bartr. . 8 CALIDRIS. . E . 89 grisea, Briss. IO —— Islandica : tee 90 Cauipris nevia, Briss. p. 91 Tula 4 in 98 CARIAMA 274 Briss. 275 crested 275 cristata 275 Charadrius, Linn. 178 grallatoris, Lath. . 184 —— himantopus, Linn. 179 CHAUNA 271 Chavaria 272, faithful 272 CHIONIS 280 Forsteri . 281 Cinclus, Briss. 97, 98 torquatus, Briss. . 99 Coot 233 238 234 cinereous —— common 284 Coot, common, Wils. crested — greater, Penn. —— Mexican ——. Wilson’s CRAKE — Baillon’s Cayenne corn —— Jamaica —— little olivaceous red-tailed —— spotted —— water, Bew. —— yellow-breasted CRAKER little Crex, Ray ; Indica, Ray CuRLEW ‘ Brasilian, Mont. Shaw brown, Catesby Cape, Lath. — common eee — crying; Lath. —— Esquimaux, Lath. Penn. —— Hudsonian, Lath. long-billed —— Luzonian Madagascar . p. 236 INDEX. Cur ew, Otaheite p. 32 239 || —— pygmy, Penn. y rulat 234 || —— white-headed © aaa 238 236 || Dicholophus, Tlhig. ee ie 217 || DuNLIN é b Mad 3 228 || —— little . 5 ae 220 || ——— minute ; ABS 218 Purre : 5.98 221 || ———red__.. ‘ pene) 225 || —— St. Domingo «, DE 226 221 222 223 221 —— semipalmated ~ 107 —— Temminck’s a NOS Elhareiz . f ee: Ephouskyca, Bartr. : 8 FALCINELLE . oA 230 || —— common : 260 —— Brasiliensis quarta ; Marcgravii, Ray 263 Carolina, Lath. 208 Carthagena 245 chloropus 242 major, Ray 242 Crex, Lath. 218 cristata 241 —— flavirostris, Lath. 250 Foljambii, Mont. 226 fusca, Lath, 242 gularis 248 286 GaLuNuLa Javanica p. lugubris Madagascariensis, Lath. — Maderaspatana, Gm. Martinica, Lath. melanocephalus, Gm. minor, Briss. nevia . noveboracensis, Lath. ochra Gesnert, Ray —— orientalis —— phenicura, Lath. —— poliocephala, Lath. — porphyrio, Lath. ——$ i, Wils, — Porzana, Lath. —— purpureus, Lath. . —— pusilla, Beck. ruficollis, Lath. —— viridis, Lath. GALLINULE : i black-bellied, Lath. --headed, Lath. —— brown, Lath. Carthagena . Cayenne, Lath. common Crake, Penn. —— crested — crowing, Lath, — favourite, Lath. — green, Lath. —— grinetta —— gular INDEX. 245 |} GaLuInuLE, Java Pp 247 little, Mont. —— Madras, Lath. 251 || ——- Martinico, Lath. . 258 || —— mournful 253 258 242 246 223 223 244 222 | 251 | 255 253 223 252 231 204 254 240 204 258 242 245 197 242 218 241 252 250 255 246 248 —— olivaceous, Mount. . — oriental —— purple, Lath. —— red-tailed, Lath. ust Sorece, Lal. spotted, Penn. —— yellow-breasted, Pen. —— white, Lath. Gid Gopwit American black-tailed . Cambridge, Penn. —— cinereous, Penn. common 4 great marbled, Penn. — grey, Lew. —— Hudsonian marbled — Meyers red red, Penn. —— red-breasted tell-tale, Wils. see Lene GREENSHANKS »» Penn: .< common Guara, Ray 245 231 259 253 247 226 244 255 222 133 86 ag 71 77 81 82 79 INDEX. 287 Gaurana, Ray. p. 37 || Inis, Hgyptiaca, Lath. p.5 Guinetta, Briss, 142 Falcinellus, Temm. 13 fusca : cana) | Hagedash . : Says green, Lath, eh ae Hen, Daker, Alb. 215 || —— grey . . Pras!) ——, land, Willough. 218 griseus ; 5 wep , moor, Alb. . 242 || —— glossy . : en -——ignea . : Domed 13 HIMaANTopPus 178 || —— lesser . : 5 ye 22. Ray . aren Ao) Manilla . Sire atropterus, Meyer 179 Manillensis . 6 meee ——- grallarius 184 melanocephala . 23 melanopterus 179 melanopis. Te — Mezxicanus, Briss. 180 Mexican j all) Horseman, green-legged, —— Mexicana. > ooh UBS SAYS AAR BG I Re AIOE. 6 ses te 2 red-legged, Alb.*, -455 || ——— tigre... A religiosa : =p cowl) Piers 0: é : : 6 || ———-rubra . ‘ See 7 — Briss. . 1, 11 || —— sacra, Temm. anes es -— alba. ; . 20 || —— sacred . 4 Sek — albicollis : - 18 || —— scarlet 5 ROM 74 bald, : ; 7 || —— vocifera : : 8 bay, Lath. . - I3 || —— white Kee g) — black . ; ae lt] - headed, Lath. 2 -faced . . 12 )———~ necked wll - headed el ANE wood, Lath. . 3 brown ‘ Sheed —calva , . ; 7 || JACANA 262 -— candida, Briss. . 5 Briss. 249, 260,262 Cayenne : - 16 || —— Africana . 268 -—— Cayennensis Bee He armata fusca, Briss. 263 Coco, Lath. ae On varia, Briss. 263 — crested : - 24 | —— bronzed 256 cristata : 24 |) —— chesnut, Lath. 263 ——- crying ; 8 |) —— Chili 265 288 INDEX. Jacana, Chinese . p: 269 || LosirEs p- 166 —— common 263 hyperborea . 169 — faithful, Lath. 272 || —— Wilsoni 167 — green, Lath. 262 Indian 267 || LonGBEAK 60 Luzonian, Lath. 269 brown . 61 — supercilious 266 —— variable, Lath. 263 || LonGSHANKS 178 Judcock 57 black-winged 179 New Holland 184 KnoT - 89 || Lophorhynchus, Vieil. . 274 —— American 93 =—— rea 90 || Macueres 109 pugnax 110 Limicula, Leach 85 -— glottis, Leach 86 || MacrorHAMPHUS 60 griseus 61 Limosa . 85 || Microdactylus, Geoff. 274 Briss. 70, 124 || __— cristatus, Geoff. 275 —~— Americana rufa, Briss. é 71 || Numenius ane +) —— Fedoa, Sabine 71 Briss. 15730 — fusca, Briss. 133 Lath. 40, 95 —— glottis . 86 || —— Africanus, Lath. . 96 — grisea, Briss. 86 Americanus fuscus, — major, Briss. 77 Briss. 36 —— melanura, Temm. 73 majors —— Meyeri, Leisl. 75 Briss. 3 3 -~— noveboracensis, ~ minor Leach 79 Briss. : 19 — rufa, Briss. Fi arquatus, Lath. 26 — rufa, var., Temm. 79 || —— borealis, Lath. 38 —— Brasiliensis candi- LoBEFOOT 166 dus, Briss. 20 —— American 167 | coccineus, red 169 Briss. 17 Numenius Brasiliensis Juscus, Briss. castaneus, Briss. Gaurana, Lath. — Hudsonicus, Lath. —— leucocephalus longirostris . Luzoniensis . —— Madagascariensis . —— major Mexicanus varius, Briss. minor, Briss. niger, Klein —— pheopus, Lath. —— pygmeus, Lath. Tahitiensis viridis, Briss. vociferus, Lath. Opistolophus, Vieil. OrTYGOMETRA Ray —— Baillonii — —— Cayanensis -—— crex Jamaicensis . minuta — Noveboracensis olivacea — phenicura Porzana Ouzel, brook Wer cclhe bells INDEX. PALAMADEA . Lath. cornuta cristata, Linn. PaRRA Lath. enea —— Africana chavaria, Linn. ——. Chilensis — Indica . jacana . — Luzoniensis, Gmel. sinensis superciliosa . variabilis, Linn. — viridis, Gmel. Pavoncella, Leach ——- pugnax, Leach Pelican, wood, Penn. Previpna Dominicensis —— minuta —— pusilla semipalmata — subarcuata Temminckii —— variabilis Pu#oprus arquatus borealis Gaurana 19 ~~ Py 249, (i) ea) Ne) mo © dh wo SINTON op yy J 1 bo aS nm 38 290 INDEX. PHALAROPE . p. 162 || Porpsyrio albus . p: 261 American, Sabine 167 Americana, Ray . 252 —_ brown, Penn. me WA Brasilian . » 189 melanotus . Pr 2a9 ruber . . >. 186 minor, Briss. / °@as Pluvianus, Ray . aD nevius, Briss. . 246 major, Ray . . 86 || —— purple : - "255 Plover, high-legged, Lath. 184 PUrPUSCHE 2 . 252 long-legged, Penn. 179 || —— rufescens« Epps) ‘ ; : smaragnotus, Temm. 255 Poliopus, gallinula minor, EN Ha Rd ; ce: viridis f Fm 5 3 — white . ; 7-261 PorpuyRio . : 249 || Purre, Penn. ; oes Briss. 217,240 || —— red-necked, Lath. 98 INDEX. 291 RAIL p- 191 || Raiz, Virginian p. 194 Americanwater, Edw. 194 water 192 banded 202 Barbary . 214 |] Rattus 191 —— Bengal water, Alb. 67 Gel. 230 black 210 Linn. 217. — blue-necked oi aquaticus . »¥92 brown . 203 || ———.————_ var. Lath. 194 — Cape 216 minor sive Cayenne 197 maruetta, Briss. Ye WOR Cayenne, Lath. 220 australis 206 Ceylon 209 barbaricus - 214 clapper 205 Bengalensis, Linn. 67 common, Wils. 208 Capensis 216 —— dusky . 212 Carolinus 208 — dwarf, Lath. 231 Cayanensis i 19% — gular . 197 || ———————- Gimel. . 220 Jamaica, Lath. 221 || ——— ceruleus 211 — little, Lath. . 225 || —— crepitans 205 long-billed 195 crex, Linn. . 218 —— Otaheite 214 || —— ferrugineus . 213 Pacific _ 215 || —— fuscus . 203 —— Philippine 200 || —— gularis onl 97. var. Lath. Italorum Aldrovandi, 198, 201 Ray 242 — red-breasted 213 Jamaicensis, Briss. 221 necked . 204 Jongirostris . 195 Sandwich 210 || —— minutus, Gmel. . 225 —— Soree 208 niger 210 — striated 201 obscurus 212 —— striped 203 || ——— Pacificus 215 tabuan 212 || —— Pennsylvanicus, Bris.194 —— troglodyte 306 || —— Philippensis 200 variable 198 var. Lath. variegated 196 198, ZO} 292 INDEX. Rauius Philippensts stria- Ruyncu2za, Madagascar- tus, Briss. : p- 201 iensis : ‘ p. 67 phenicurus, Gmel. 222 Maderaspatana . 68 Porzana, Linn. . 223 || —— Madras ; «de pusillus,Gmel. . 231 orientalis . MEN quadristrigatus . 203 || —— Sinensis : . 66 ruficollis ; - 204 || Rostratula, Vieil. . 64 Sandvicensis epee AH —— sericeus, Leach . 192 || Rurr . ; : ~ 109 striatus ; . 20) || —— fighting ; =~ 110 tabuensis =. + «212 || Rusticola, Viel . . 48 Tahitiensis . wei: torquatus. . 202 || SAnppIPER . ; . 124 troglodytes, Gmel. 206 Aberdeen, Penn. . 91 varians ; + LS ash-coloured . 156 variegatus. . Ree 615) , Penn. 90 —— Virginianus . . 194 barred-tailed . 132 Zeylanicus . . 209 Bartram’s . . 125 Bewick’s : «138 RECURVIROSTRA . NH boreal, Lath. + eS kde NC ee wee black. 1 ainedaaes o158 — Americana . ls ee Pe ae “eae avosetta ; - 173 brown, Penn. : 101 Nove Hollandia . 176 |) ___ brown-eared, Lath. 123 orientalis, aL caeecina } lone p.( Redshank Damascene . es iy: spotted, Penn. A ee 353 dusky . - o3 dio white, Edw. . 153 || ————, Lath. . is AOI ee ; ¢ oO Jasciated, Lath. . 121 Sreckled, Penn. . 91 Ruyncuza . ; . 64 || —— gambet, Penn. og Nenad Cape . : A. = 9G green . ‘ Poe 97 —— Capensis ; . 65 || —— Greenwich, Lath. 110 — Chinese ‘ oeompaknts grisled, Lath. ees!) Madagascar . a 367 Java . , » iad INDEX. Sanppiper, little, Penn. p.101 , var. Lath, 106 long-legged . 148 ~—— marsh . j MBit (256) Newfoundland, Lath. 119 New York, Lath. . 117 nodding 155 —— purple 146 Quebec, Lath. 122 red, Penns, Daria backed, Wils. 98 breasted, Wils. 93 legged . 135 sea, Markw. 146 Selninger, Penn. . 146 semipalmated 160 » Was. ~ 107 sharp-tailed . 159 shore, Lath. 110 —— Siberian, Lath. . 121 slender -beaked 158 solitary 129 southern . 150 ore eo Ol spotted “| 144 streaked, Lath. 118 striated, Penn, 146 tell-tale 154 variegated, Lath. 124 —— white . s - > Jol - winged, Lath. 116 wood 130 —_—,, Albin. | War ————., Mont. 148 293 SanppiPer, yellow-legved, Mont. p- 110 shanked 152 Sconopax . : an 48 , Gmel. 40, 60, 95,191 , Linn. 25, 35, 50, 64, 70, 85, 124 —— Agocephala, Linn. 73 —— Africana, Gmel. . 96 arquata, Linn. . 26 — australis, Lath. 150 ——- Belgica, Gmel. 73 borealis, Gmel. . 38 calidris, Linn. lio. candida, Gmel. . 15] canescens, Gmel. . 86 — Cantabrigiensis,Gm. 133 Capensis, Linn. . 65 var. Lath. 67 Cayanensis, Gmel. 53 cinerea, Gmel. seems euronica, Gmel, 133 Fedoa, Linn. cline fal Slavipes, Gmel. 152 Jusca, Linn. 133 gallinago, Linn. . 54 gallinaria, Gmel.. 54 gallinula, Linn, . 57 Gaurana, Linn. , 37 — glottis, Lath. Sis 2) grisea, Gmel. “pba ie Hudsonica, Lath. 81 incana, Gmel, 156 —— Lapponica, Linn. 77 294 Scoropax; leucocephalus, Gmel. : : p. 34 —— leucophea, Lath. . 77 Limosa, Linn... 73 — Luzoniensis, Gmelky 32 —— Madagascariensis, Linn. : F i800 Maderaspatana, Gmel. E : Fagen 0) major, Gmel. poet] marmorata, Lath. 82 media, Klein. ~~ 64 melanoleuca, Gmel, 154 minor . $ Hae: S: niger, Gmel. 159 Noveboracensis, Gmel. 61 — nutans, Penn. 155 obscura, Gmel. 192 paludosa, Gmel. . 51 Paykullit, Nills. . 61 — pheopus, Gmel, . 36 — pygmea, Gmel. . 41 rusticola : appear | saturata, Horsf. . 59 semipalmata, Gmel. 160 sinensis, Lath. M66 subarcuata, Gmel. 96 Tahitiensis, Gmel. 33 totanus, Gmel. 133 > Linn. 140 ————-—,, Ray 135 vociferus, Wils, 154 ScREAMER ‘ 271 crested, Lath, 275 INDEX. Screamer, horned p- 278 SHEATHBILL 280 white . 281 SNIPE . ; 3 Sa ash-coloured, Lath. 156 Cape, Lath. 66, 67 Cayenne é Rpts 9 common i Sammars 1 — dusky, Lath. 133 —— Finmark, Penn. . 54 — great . Sate SUC ENRRE | Jacke". i paren "4 Jadreka, Lath. . 73 Javan . : yee | least, Bew. 101 — Madras, Lath. . 68 New Holland, Lath. 150 nodding, Penn. 155 partridge, Ray . ‘68 pool, Penn.’ . 135 red-breasted, Mont. 79 » Lenn. 61 semipalmated, Penn. 160 spotted, Lath. 133 stone, Penn. 154 Terek, Lath. : Me yellow-shank, Penn. 152 Snite . : ; ee: Stint, little, Bew. 101 ANT ARATE "2 tet . 1 —_—__, Linn. : 6 —— Aithiopicus, Lath. 10 Tantawus albicollis, Gmel. — albus, Linn. calvus, Lath. Cayanensis, Gmel. cinereus, Linn. T. cristatus, Gmel. —— Egyptian 4 ephouskyca, Bartr. Salcinellus, Linn. . Suscus, Linn. —— griseus, Gmel. hagedash, Lath. — ibis zgneus, Gmel. leucocephalus loculator ‘ Manillensis, Gmel. melanopis, Gmel. —— Mezicanus, Gmel. —— minutus, Linn. niger, Gmel. — pictus, Bartr. ruber, Linn. viridis, Gmel. —— white-headed wood , Terrea Tete Torowée Toranus , Beck. ——,, Briss. melanocephalus, Lath. INDEX. 295 Toranvs acuminatus — p. 157 affiinis . 132 alter, Ray 133 australis 150 Bartramia 125 Bengalensis, Briss. 67 Bewickii 138 calidris 135 candidus 15] cinereus, Briss. 110 Damascensis 158 flavipes 152- — fuscus 132 glareola 130 — glottis, Beck. 86 -— grallatoris . - 148 —— hypoleucos 142 Javanicus 159 incanus 156 macularia 144 —— maritimus 146 melanoleucos 154 nevus, Briss, 135 —hniger . ‘ - 159 Noveboracensis, Sa- bine 61 nutans 155 — ochropus 127 —— semipalmatus 160 -— solitarius 129 — stagnatilis 140 —— striatus, Briss. 146 tenuirostris . 158 vociferus, Sabine . 154 296 TRINGA Linn. INDEX. p- 115 89, 95, 109, 124, 162, 166 Temm. —— Aldrovandi, Ray . alpina, Sabine — atra, Gmel. —— aurita australis, Gmel. — Bartramia, Wils. — Bewickii, Mont. brown-eared ——. boreal —— borealis caladris, Linn. Canadensis . canutus, Linn. — cinclus, Linn. —— cinerea, Temm. cock, coot-footed, Edw. , coot-footed equestris, Lath. erythropus, Lath. fasciata fasciated —— ferruginea, Brun. — fusca, Gmel. a —_——- Lath, fuligaria, Linn. gambetta, Linn. glacialis, Gmel. glareola, Linn. grallatoris, Mont. — Greenovicensis, Lath. 110 - 140 127 98 133 123 91 125 138 122 118 118 91 122 90 98 SO 169 170 110 138 121 121 90 170 101 163 135 164 131 148 Trinea, grey, coot-footed, Edw. grisea, Gmel. —— hyperborea, Gmel. —- hypoleucos, Linn. — Islandica, Linn. Keptuscha leucoptera lobata, Brun. , Linn. longicauda, Becks. macularia, Linn. maritimus, Gmel. — minor, Ray . minuta, Linn. , Sabine ——~ nevia, Gmel. Newfoundland New York ————. Nove Terre Noveboracensis ochropus, Linn. — pusilla, Lath. ——— ,» Linn. pugnax, Linn. —— Quebec red, coot-footed, Edw. k rufa, Wils. . ruficollis, Gmel. solitaria, Wils. , Linn. nigricans, Mont. . semipalmata, Wils. p- 164 90 163 169 142 90 121 116 Lincolniensis, Lath. 146 170 163 125 144 146 142 105 101 91 ie 117 146 119 117 127 101 106 110 122 165 93 98 107 129 TRINGA, spotted, Edw. p. streaked striata, Linn. subarquata, Temm. Temminckii, Leisl. variabilis, Temm. variegata , Brun. . variegated virgata white-winged Turdus aquaticus, Briss. Vaginalis, Gmel. . alba, Gmel. . — chionis, Lath. Water-hen —- common, Alb. grey-headed, Lath. INDEX. 207 Water-hen, least, Edw. p. 221 little American, Edw. 208 purple, Edw. 256 small, Alb, 246 —— spur-winged, Edw. 263 WuimBrev . 35 Brazilian 37 common 36 Esquimaux . 38 Woopcock . ; 5 ANB common 44 —— little 48 Savanna, Lath, . 5] ZAPORNIA 230 — pusilla 231 minuta, Leach 231 a) ao Lt PEL ELS, tke) Aaa ees he ul "Ey Parra ha ! Hj erent 2 BPO ' iat : q ® ~ J : . ‘ , P ‘ x ¥ ‘ 4 den ee we “> . Ser 7 7° = al ow if A CLI nl onal a r ty oe «cla Punts ee Ph e-9-4-S 0 ASR a an am a hema aneedeaicaeaae